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Original  Contributions  of  America 


MEDICAL  SCIENCES 


BY 

EDMOND  SOUCHON,  M.D. 

NEW  ORLEANS,   LA. 


From  the 

Transactions  of  the  American  Surgical  Association 

1917 


DORNAN,    PRINTER 
PHILADELPHIA 


Reprinted  from  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Surgical  Association,  19 17 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO 
MEDICAL  SCIENCES 


By  EDMOND  SOUCHON,  M.D. 

NEW    ORLEANS,    LA. 


Upon  reflecting  on  the  awakening  of  the  scientific  spirit  in 
America  within  the  last  twenty-five  years,  it  occurred  to  me  that 
it  would  be  very  interesting  to  study  the  achievements  made 
especially  in  the  form  of  original  contributions  by  America  to  the 
medical  sciences. 

In  this  essay  I  shall  confine  myself  to  the  United  States  of 
America.  America  is  barely  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  old, 
but  in  that  century  it  has  contributed  more  than  any  other 
single  century  of  the  Old  World,  barring  the  century  of  Pasteur 
and  his  followers;  and  yet  with  transmissibility  of  puerperal  fever, 
anesthetics,  general  and  local,  gynecology,  abdominal  surgery, 
dentistry,  eradication  of  yellow  fever,  and  malarial  fever,  it 
follows  closely  in  the  trail  of  the  Pasteur  century. 

By  original  contribution  is  meant  something  new  that  has  not 
been  done  before  by  somebody  else. 

In  some  instances  it  is  difficult,  from  the  description,  to  decide 
if  the  contribution  has  been  made  in  America  for  the  first  time 
or  for  the  first  time  in  the  world.  Doubtless  a  great  number 
were  made  in  America  without  any  knowledge  that  they  had 
been  done  before  by  somebody  else,  and  that  is  quite  creditable 
in  itself. 

To  obtain  information,  I  have  sent  out  over  600  circular  letters 
to  as  many  men  occupying  prominent  positions,  and  who  ought 
to  know  what  has  been  done  in  the  profession  in  this  country. 


2  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  editor  the  circular  letter  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  It 
required  eight  months  to  gather  the  data  and  write  the  paper. 
It  was  truly  a  labor  of  love  to  bring  together  the  workers  of  our 
country. 

I  here  thank  all  those  who  assisted  me  in  this  self-imposed  task 
for  the  common  good  and  honor  of  America. 

I  have  received  a  great  number  of  titles  and  publications,  but 
many  are  not  mentioned  here  because  the  authors  have  not  com- 
plied with  the  request  to  tell  in  a  few  words  in  what  point  each 
publication  is  new  and  had  not  been  done  before  by  somebody 
else.  I  will  follow  the  alphabetical  order  of  the  various  States 
and  the  chronological  order  of  birth  date  and  date  of  achieve- 
ment of  contributors  and  present  to  my  readers  their  claim  to 
originality.  For  details,  letters  may  be  addressed  to  the  con- 
tributors still  living.  The  town  address  is  mentioned  after  the 
names.  The  names  not  found  in  the  Medical  Directory  are 
deceased.  Names  without  dates  are  those  of  contributors  still 
living.  The  towns  affixed  to  the  names  of  the  contributors  are 
the  towns  in  which  they  have  done  their  most  important  work, 
not  their  birthplaces. 

ALABAMA 

Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims  (Montgomery),  1813-1883,  invented  the 
duck-bill  speculum,  which  is  the  first  and  only  instrument  that 
will  fully  cause  dilation  of  the  vagina  and  afford  a  thorough  view 
and  access  to  its  interior  and  the  os  uteri.  He  devised  the  left 
lateral  posture  for  vaginal  examination  and  operation.  He  was 
the  first  to  make  the  cure  of  vesicovaginal  fistula  a  success 
instead  of  the  reverse.  He  invented  all  the  instruments  used  in 
the  operation  for  vesicovaginal  fistula.  He  is  the  founder  of 
gynecology,  that  art  and  science  so  eminently  American.  He 
was  the  first  to  write  a  modern  book  on  gynecology  (Clinical 
Notes  on  Uterine  Surgery,  1866).  He  was  the  first  surgeon  in 
America  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  the  treatment  of 
diseases  of  women.    He  advocated  vaginal  cystomy  for  chronic 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES         3 

cystitis.  He  first  cured  vaginismus  by  removing  the  remains 
of  the  hymen  and  resection  of  the  tissues  (1861).  He  first  ampu- 
tated the  cervix  uteri  and  covered  it  with  vaginal  mucous  mem- 
brane. He  first  formally  introduced  silver  wire  in  surgery.  He 
devised  a  repositor  for  uterine  displacements.  He,  in  1837, 
removed  the  lower  jaw  without  external  mutilation,  the  operation 
being  done  entirely  from  within  the  mouth.  He  performed  origin- 
ally the  operation  of  cholecystotomy  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  fact  that  Dr.  Bobbs,  of  Indianapolis  (1868),  to  whom  he 
always  accorded  full  credit,  had  preceded  him  by  a  few  months. 
He  narrowed  the  vagina  for  the  cure  of  prolapsus  uteri  (1856). 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  advocate  the  careful  aseptic  invasion  of 
the  peritoneal  cavity  for  the  arrest  of  hemorrhage,  the  suture 
of  abdominal  wounds  and  the  cleansing  of  the  peritoneal  cavity 
and  for  all  intraperitoneal  conditions  (188 1).  He  was  the  first 
to  build  a  woman's  hospital  in  the  United  States.  He  was  the 
first  American  surgeon  who  compelled  European  surgeons  to 
recognize  the  worth  and  fame  of  American  surgery.  He  was 
the  first  American  surgeon  to  receive  decorations  from  European 
monarchs.  He  was  the  first  physician  to  whom  a  life-size  statue 
was  erected  in  a  public  park  or  elsewhere  in  America.  He  was  the 
only  surgeon  in  the  world  who  could  go  to  any  capital  and  secure 
a  lucrative  practice.  His  charming  autobiography  is  unique  in 
its  kind.  The  late  Professor  T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  of  New.  York, 
in  an  address  said  that  if  he  were  called  upon  to  name  a  few  men 
who  in  the  history  of  all  times  had  contributed  the  most  to  relieve 
the  sufferings  of  humanity  he  would  include  Marion  Sims. 

Dr.  Nathan  Bozeman  (Montgomery),  1825-1905,  devised  the 
button  suture  for  vesicovaginal  fistula.  He  was  the  first  to  treat 
pyelitis  by  irrigation  of  the  kidney  by  means  of  a  catheter  intro- 
duced up  the  ureter  through  a  vesicovaginal  opening  (1888).  He 
is  also  credited  with  having  created  a  vesicovaginal  fistula  to  cure 
chronic  cystitis  (1861). 

'  Dr.  Josiah  C.  Nott  (Mobile),  1804-18 73,  was  the  first  to 
advance  the  theory  that  yellow  fever  was  transmitted  by  the 
mosquito  (1848),  but  he  demonstrated  nothing.   He  was  the  first. 


EDMOXD    SOECHOX 


to   perform   excision   of    the   coccyx   for   coccygodynia    (1844), 
preceding  Sir  James  Y.  Simpson. 

Dr.  Hexry  S.  Leyert  (Mobile)    (deceased,  no  dates)  first 
demonstrated  the  innocuous  character  of  the  metallic  ligature. 


ARKANSAS 


Dr.  Thibault  (Scott)  discovered  the  anesthetic  properties  of 
quinin  and  urea  hydrochloride  (Crile). 


CALIFORNIA 

Dr.  Samuel  Elias  Cooper  (San  Francisco),  1822-1862, 
founded  the  first  medical  college  on  the  Pacific  slope  (1858), 
called  later  on.  by  his  nephew.  Dr.  Lane,  the  Cooper  Medical 
College.  He  first  proclaimed  that  atmospheric  air  admitted  into 
joints  or  other  tissues  is  not  a  source  of  irritation  or  injury;  also 
that  the  only  true  mode  of  treating  ulcerations  of  bone  within  a 
joint  is  to  la}*  the  joint  open  freely;  also  that  there  are  no  known 
limits  beyond  which  a  tendon  will  or  cannot  be  reproduced 
after  division.  He  was  the  first  to  offer  a  course  in  operative 
surgery  on  animals.  He  announced  a  new  cure  for  aneurysm, 
consisting  of  cutting  down  on  the  sac  and  sewing  up  from  the 
outside.  He  advocated  the  ligation  of  arteries  with  their  accom- 
panying veins  as  being  less  dangerous  than  ligation  of  the  veins 
alone.  He  operated  for  club-foot  by  cutting  all  contracted 
parts  down  to  the  bone,  much  as  was  later  done  by  Phelps,  of 
New  York. 

Dr.  Levi  Cooper  Laxe  (San  Francisco),  1833-190 2,  claims 
to  be  the  first  to  perform  vaginal  hysterectomy  in  America.  He 
originated  an  operation  for  craniotomy  for  microcephalus.  He 
wrote  a  complete  monograph  on  the  Surgery  of  the  Head  and 
Xeck.  It  is  said  that  he  was  the  first  to  ligate  simultaneously  the 
two  common  carotids  with  success  in  the  same  patient  (1887).  ■ 

Dr.  Thomas  W.  Huxtlxgtox  (San  Francisco)  devised  an' 
operation  of  bone  transference,  wherein  the  fibula  is  made  to 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES  5 

take  the  place  of  the  shaft  of  the  tibia.    He  believes  he  is  the 
first,  at  least  in  America,  to  have  done  this. 

Dr.  George  H.  F.  Nuttall  (San  Francisco)  first  summarized 
the  role  of  insects,  arachnids  as  transmitters  of  bacteria  and 
parasitic  diseases  (1899)  and  introduced  the  precipitin  test  for 
different  kinds  of  blood  (1904V 


COLORADO 

Dr.  Clayton  Parkhill  (Denver)  was  the  first  to  use  plates 
in  the  treatment  of  fractures.  His  apparatus  consists  of  two 
pairs  of  long  screws  partially  driven  into  the  fragments  and  fixed 
at  their  other  extremities  to  two  wing  plates.  The  blades  are 
superimposed  and  glide.  They  are  fixed  with  a  clamp  when  the 
fragments  are  brought  in  apposition.  The  apposition  is  perfect 
at  all  times.  When  the  wound  is  stitched  the  plates  are  outside 
of  the  tissues,  not  in  contact  with  the  bone.  The  method  is 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association  of  1897.  Dr.  Leonard  Freeman,  of  Denver,  was  a 
witness  to  the  work  of  Parkhill,  and  says  that  if  similar  work 
had  been  done  abroad  before  Parkhill  knew  nothing  about  it. 

Dr.  Charles  D.  Spivak  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  of  the 
medical  library  movement;  introduced  an  esophagometer  (1901) 
and  other  improvements  in  gastroenterology;  method  of  de- 
termining specific  gravity  in  the  living  subject  (1915). 

Dr.  E.  Stuver  (Fort  Collins).  The  intrarectal  injection  of 
normal  salt  solution  in  typhoid  fever  is  a  blood-washing  process, 
ehminating  poisons  or  toxins  from  the  system,  and,  so  far  as  I 
can  find,  had  not  been  before  recommended  for  that  purpose 
in  this  disease.  The  application  of  cocain  and  adrenalin  to  the 
inside  of  the  nose  prevents  a  large  amount  of  the  vomiting  and 
shock  during  operation;  this  has  been  corroborated  by  Albert, 
Abrams,  Crile  and  others,  but  as  their  work  has  been  done  since 
my  original  communication,  I  believe  the  idea  was  original  with 
mvself. 


EDMOND    SOUCHON 


coisnsnECTicuT 


Dr.  Hezekiah  Beardsley  (1748-90)  first  described  congenital 
hypertrophic  stenosis  of  the  pylorus  (1788). 

Dr.  Mason  Fitch  Cogswell  (Hartford),  1761-1830,  was  the 
first  in  America  to  ligate  primitive  carotid  artery  for  primary 
hemorrhage  in  its  continuity  (1803). 

Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (New  Haven),  1 762-1809,  first  trephined 
bones  for  abscess  before  Brodie.  He  first  dropped  the  pedicle 
after  operating  for  ovarian  cyst.  He  first  advised  the  use  of 
bichloride  of  mercury.  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to 
amputate  the  knee  joint  (1824). 

Dr.  Jonathan  Wright  (New  Haven),  1 789-1865,  was  the 
first  to  cure  a  popliteai  aneurysm  by  digital  compression  (1847). 

Dr.  Nathan  Ryno  Smith  (New  Haven),  1797-1877,  was 
the  first  to  reduce  a  hip-joint  dislocation  by  manipulation.  He 
devised  the  Smith  anterior  splint  for  fractures  (i860).  He  ad- 
vocated the  principle  of  suspension  in  the  treatment  of  fractures 
(1827). 

Dr.  John  M.  Riggs  (Hartford),  a  dentist,  18 10-1885,  was 
the  first  to  devise  the  scraping  treatment  for  Rigg's  disease, 
now  known  as  pyorrhea  alveolaris,  first  described  by  Pierre 
Fauchard  in  1746. 

Dr.  R.  Erdman  (Salem,  New  Haven),  indefinite  life  of  the 
trypanosomes.  By  employing  the  plasms  of  the  host  as  a  culture 
medium  either  for  trypanosomes  themselves  or  the  growth  in 
vitrio  of  various  infantile  tissues  of  the  host  he  succeeded  in 
keeping  trypanosoma  brucei  in  normal  condition  for  an  indefinite 
period,  whereas  they  die  in  a  few  days  in  other  culture  media. 

Dr.  Thomas  B.  Osborne  (New  Haven),  work  on  vegetable 
proteins  (1907-9)  and  on  artificial  foods  (with  L.  B.  Wendel). 

Dr.  Charles  B.  Davenport,  work  on  heredity  and  eugenics 
(1906-15).     ♦ 

Dr.  William  T.  Sedgwick  (Hartford),  work  on  biology  and 
sanitation. 

Dr.  Graham  Lusk  (Bridgeport),  important  work  on  meta- 
bolism and  diabetes. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES  J 

DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA,   WASHINGTON   CITY.      UNITED 
STATES   PUBLIC  HEALTH   SERVICE 

Dr.  Henry  R.  Carter  was  the  first  to  find  out  that  a  house 
in  which  a  first  case  of  yellow  fever  has  occurred  becomes  danger- 
ous only  after  twelve  to  fifteen  days  of  the  occurrence  of  the  first 
case.  Dr.  Walter  Reed  availed  himself  of  this  fact  and  waited 
fifteen  days  before  a  mosquito  which  had  bitten  a  case  of  yellow 
fever  was  made  to  bite  a  healthy  subject.  Thus  he  succeeded 
in  transmitting  yellow  fever  through  the  mosquito  when  others 
had  failed. 

Dr.  Rupert  Blue  was  the  first  to  rat-proof  a  whole  large 
city  (San  Francisco). 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Stiles  claims  the  following :  Enlightenment 
of  the  sheep  raisers  of  the  country  on  the  question  of  sheep  scab 
and  their  deliverance  from  the  patent  dip  man.  The  prophecy 
on  largely  theoretical  grounds  that  a  portion  of  the  death-rate, 
among  the  seal  pups  of  Alaska  will  be  found  to  be  due  to  hook- 
worm, and  that  his  views  were  confirmed.  The  prophecy  on 
theoretical  grounds  that  the  hookworm  disease  would  be  found  to 
be  a  common  infection  in  the  Southern  States,  which  prophecy 
was  later  confirmed  by  him.  Hookworm  in  man  in  the  United 
States  is  caused  by  a  species  of  parasites  distinct  from  that 
described  by  Dubini.  The  utilization  of  protozoon  spores  to 
prove  that  people  eat  human  excrement.  As  a  lever  to  prevent 
disease  this  protozoon  test  is  very  important.  Issuance  of  an 
Index  Catalogue  of  Veterinary  and  Medical  Zoology  jointly  with 
Dr.  Hassall.  It  will  doubtless  be  the  standard  work  of  reference 
on  the  subject  for  many  years  to  come.  Description  of  a  number 
of  new  species  and  new  genera  of  parasites,  including  Necator 
americanus,  the  American  variety  of  hookworm. 

Dr.  Rupert  Blue,  Surgeon  General  of  the  Public  Health 
Service,  mentions  especially  as  original  contributions  from  the 
Public  Health  Service:  Original  research  work  done  by  Rosenau 
and  Anderson  on  the  phenomenon  of  anaphylaxis,  as  described  in 
Hygienic  Laboratory  Bulletins  Nos.  29,  30,  36,  50,  64  and  80. 


8  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Standardization  of  diphtheria  and  tetanus  antitoxin,  as  described 
in  Hygienic  Laboratory  Bulletin  Nos.  21  and  23.  The  discovery 
by  Miller  of  a  new  animal  parasite,  Hepatozoon  perniciosum, 
described  in  Hygienic  Laboratory  Bulletin  No.  46.  The  studies 
on  leprosy  by  Clegg,  Brinckerhoff  and  McCay,  described  in 
Public  Health  Bulletins  Nos.  26,  27,  28,  33,  39,  41,  50,  61 
and  66.  Studies  of  plague  by  McCay  in  Public  Health  Bul- 
letins Nos.  43  and  53.  Stiles'  identification  of  a  new  species  of 
hookworm  in  America,  Necator  americanus.  Francis's  "Studies 
of  Tetanus,"  described  in  Hygienic  Laboratory  Bulletin  No.  95. 
The  work  consists  in  multiple  tests  of  the  vaccine  virus  of  tetanus, 
rendered  necessary  by  the  varied  flora  found  in  vaccine  virus. 
Goldberger's  recent  investigation  of  pellagra  described  in  Reprint 
Nos.  218  and  228  from  the  Public  Health  Report.  Pellagra  is 
caused  by  a  faulty  diet.  No  pellagra  develops  in  subjects  who 
consume  a  mixed,  well-balanced  and  varied  diet.  Rosenau  and 
Bruer  reported  the  transmission  of  poliomyelitis  by  the  stable 
fly  (Stomoxys  calcitrans)  in  monkeys. 

Dr.  John  T.  Anderson,  director  of  the  Hygienic  Laboratory, 
says  that  in  his  publications  on  measles  the  part  that  is  new  is 
the  discovery  of  the  susceptibility  of  the  monkey  to  the  virus  of 
measles,  the  determination  of  the  period  of  infectivity  of  measles 
blood  for  the  monkey,  the  first  definite  information  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  virus  of  measles,  the  means  of  exit,  the  virus  from 
the  blood,  and  the  probable  avenue  of  infection.  In  addition  the 
experimental  work  on  measles  gives  us  our  first  laboratory  results 
upon  the  duration  of  the  infectivity  of  the  secretions  from  the 
nose  and  throat.  Also  the  non-infectivity  of  the  scales  of  des- 
quamation from  cases  of  measles  was  demonstrated.  In  the 
papers  on  typhus  fever  the  points  that  are  new  are  the  demonstra- 
tion of  the  susceptibility  of  various  species  of  monkey  to  the 
typhus  fever  of  Mexico,  the  determination  of  the  relationship  of 
"Brill's  disease"  (what  we  now  know  as  mild  typhus),  the 
transmission  of  mild  typhus  fever  from  monkey  to  monkey  by 
the  bite  of  the  body  louse  and  probably  also  by  the  head  louse.  A 
number  of  facts  detailed  in  the  publications  in  regard  to  the 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES  9 

nature  of  the  virus  of  typhus  fever  were  also  new  and  had.  never 
been  published.  The  papers  on  anaphylaxis,  of  which  I  was  the 
joint  author,  give  the  pioneer  work  upon  this  important  phe- 
nomenon. The  first  paper  upon  anaphylaxis  to  be  published 
in  the  United  States  and  the  first  paper  ever  published  any- 
where giving  an  intimate  account  of  the  mechanism  of  ana- 
phylaxis was  published  from  the  Hygienic  Laboratory,  and  of 
which  Dr.  Rosenau  and  I  were  joint  authors.  These  three  pieces 
of  work — that  on  measles,  that  on  typhus  fever,  and  that  on 
anaphylaxis — with  all  three  of  which  I  was  associated,  covered 
investigations  of  a  pioneer  character  and  brought  forth  new  facts 
that  had  never  previously  been  brought  out. 

The  Hygienic  Laboratory  of  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  is  a  contribution  to  medical  science.  It  is  perhaps  the 
finest  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 


UNITED    STATES   ARMY  MEDICAL   CORPS 

Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  i  745-1813,  published  the  first  pamphlet 
on  military  hygiene  (1777),  the  first  American  treatise  on  insanity 
(181 2),  the  first  American  contribution  to  anthropology  (1774- 
88),  the  first  account  of  cholera  infantum  (1775),  the  first  account 
of  dengue  in  English  (1780). 

Dr.  John  Jones  published  the  first  American  book  on  surgery 
and  military  medicine  (1775). 

Surgeon- General  Tilton  organized  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  Army  (181 2). 

Dr.  Barton  organized  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Navy 
(1842). 

Dr.  James  Mann,  in  1821,  first  amputated  at  the  elbow- joint. 

Dr.  William  Beaumont  (1825-1883)  made  the  first  classical 
investigation  of  gastric  digestion,  1825-33.  He  experimented  on 
the  famous  Alexis  St.  Martin,  who  had  a  gastric  fistula  in  the  pit 
of  the  stomach  as  a  result  of  a  gunshot  wound. 

Dr.  John  Shaw  Billings:  First  excision  of  ankle-joint  in 
America  (January  6,  1862),  with  recovery  of  patient.     Index 


IO  EDMOND    SOUCHOX 

Catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General' 's  Library,' hist  series  (1880-95). 
Planning  and  constructing  of  'the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 
(1876-89).  Wrote  the  best  history  of  surgery  in  the  English 
language  (1895).  Did  most  to  make  the  United  States  Census 
Reports  reliable  and  valuable  as  statistics  in  his  time. 

Dr.  J.  M.  Da  Costa:  First  account  of  irritable  heart  in 
soldiers  (1863). 

Drs.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  (1822-1904),  S.  R.  Morehouse, 
and  W.  W.  Keen  :  Classical  investigation  of  gunshot  and  other 
injuries  of  nerves  (1864). 

Dr.  Joseph  Janvier  Woodward  :  Did  the  best  work  of  his 
time  in  microphotography  C1865  and  subsequently). 

The  Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion  (18  70-1 888),  by  Joseph  J.  Woodward,  Charles 
Smart.  George  A.  Otis  and  David  L.  Huntington,  is  a  work  unique 
in  the  annals  of  military  medicine. 

Dr.  Willlam  A.  Hammond,  1829-1900  (Surgeon-General): 
First  description  of  athetosis  (1873).  First  text-book  on  nervous 
diseases  (1871). 

Dr.  Charles  F.  Craig  in  1902  demonstrated  that  intra- 
corpuscular  conjugation  in  the  malarial  plasmodia  is  the  cause 
of  latency  and  relapse,  also  the  existence  of  malarial  carriers.  He 
demonstrated  also,  with  Percy  M.  Ashburn,  that  the  cause  of 
dengue  is  a  filterable  virus  transmitted  by  the  mosquito,  Culex 
fatigans  (1907).    He  discovered  paramoeba  hominis,  1906. 

Dr.  Alfred  A.  Woodhull  was  the  first  in  this  country  to 
employ  the  British-Indian  method  of  giving  large  doses  of  ipecac 
in  dysentery  (1875-76). 

Dr.  George  Sternberg:  First  isolated  the  bacillus  of 
croupous  pneumonia  (1880).  First  manual  (1898)  text-book 
(1866)  of  bacteriology  by  an  American  writer. 

Dr.  Walter  Reed  (1851-1902)  was  the  first  to  transmit 
yellow  fever  by  the  mosquito  to  a  human  subject.  He  demon- 
strated that  the  Stegomyia  mosquito  was  the  conveyor.  Also 
that  the  mosquito  had  to  bite  the  victim  of  yellow  fever  during 
the  first  three  davs  of  the  fever.     He  succeeded  in  the  trans- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        1 1 

mission  of  yellow  fever  because  he  availed  himself  of  Dr.  Carter's 
discovery  and  waited  twelve  to  fifteen  days  before  applying  the 
infected  mosquito  to  a  healthy  subject.  He  demonstrated  that 
fomites  did  not  carry  yellow  fever  by  causing  healthy  subjects  to 
stay  in  bed  in  rooms  with  fomites  and  protecting  them  from 
mosquitoes. 

Drs.  Reed,  Vaughan  and  Shakespeare  first  demonstrated 
that  flies  transmit  typhoid  fever  (1898). 

Dr.  James  Carrol  (1854-1907)  is  the  first  case  of  a  healthy 
subject  bitten  by  an  infected  mosquito  that  had  been  kept 
twelve  days  to  develop  yellow  fever. 

Dr.  William  C.  Gorgas:  Rid  Havana  of  yellow  fever  (1901). 
Rid  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  of  disease  and  made  it  habitable 
(1904-14).  Investigated  the  cause  of  the  high  death-rate  from 
pneumonia  among  the  miners  of  the  Rand,  South  Africa  (1913- 
1*4).  Was  the  first  American  physician  to  be  called  upon  by  a 
foreign  power  to  investigate  disease  in  its  territory  (sickness 
among  the  miners  of  South  Africa).  He  was  the  first  army 
surgeon  to  hold  rank  of  Major-General  in  the  United  States  Army 
and  to  be  made  Surgeon-General  for  life. 

Dr.  Frederick  F.  Russell:  Rid  the  United  States  Army  of 
typhoid  fever  by  typhoid  inoculation  (191 2). 

Dr.  Percy  M.  Ashburn  discovered  Microfilaria  philippinensis 
with  Craig  (1906).  The  cause  of  dengue  as  a  filterable  virus 
transmitted  by  mosquito  Culex  fatigans  (1907). 

Dr.  Edward  B.  Vedder  proved  that  beriberi  is  a  deficiency 
disease  which  can  be  prevented  by  a  simple  change  of  ration; 
substituted  undermilled  for  polished  rice;  that  the  disease  can 
be  experimentally  produced  in  puppies  and  fowls;  and  that  the 
administration  of  an  alcoholic  extract  of  rice  polishings  will 
alleviate  some  of  the  symptoms  in  infants  (191 2-13).  Was  the 
first  to  demonstrate  that  emetin  is  a  specific  remedy  in  amebic 
dysentery  (1911-14). 

Dr.  E.  R.  Gentry  and  T.  L.  Ferrenbaugh  discovered  that 
Malta  fever  is  endemic  in  southwest  Texas  and  is  transmitted 
by  goats  on  the  ranches  thereabouts  (191 1). 


12  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Louis  A.  Lagarde  demonstrated  that  microorganisms 
are  not  destroyed  by  the  discharge  of  gunpowder  or  projectiles 
in  the  act  of  firing  but  infect  the  wound  (1892-1902).  Has 
written  the  best  recent  treatise  on  gunshot  wounds  (19 14). 

Dr.  F.  H.  Garrison:  History  of  Medicine  (1913)  contains  the 
finest  detailed  account  of  modern  medicine  down  to  the  immediate 
present. 

The  Army  Medical  Museum  is  one  of  the  finest  contributions 
to  medical  science  in  America.  It  contains  a  unique  collection 
of  gunshot  wounds  of  the  bones  gathered  during  the  Civil 
War. 

The  Army  Medical  Library  is  a  still  greater  contribution. 
It  is  the  finest  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

The  Index  Catalogue  and  Index  Medicus  are  most  valuable 
contributions. 

Dr.  George  T.  Vaughan  (Washington  City) :  A  new  operation 
for  the  radical  cure  of  inguinal  hernia,  by  cutting  the  con- 
joined tendon  and  placing  the  spermatic  cord  behind  it  on  the 
pubis.  A  new  operation  for  circumcision  by  turning  the  outside 
skin  of  the  prepuce  which  has  been  cut  away.  Stopping  hemor- 
rhage from  bone  by  pressing  soft  tissues,  muscles,  etc.,  against  it, 
i.  e.,  by  plugging  with  soft  tissues. 

Dr.  George  Kober  (Washington  City) :  First  to  have  pub- 
lished biographic  sketches  of  notable  physicians  and  surgeons 
of  the  present.  First  to  publish  notes  on  chronic  dysentery 
treated  with  injections  of  a  solution  of  chloride  of  potash.  Also 
of  adenitis  treated  with  injections  of  carbolic  acid  and  glycerin. 
Also  a  case  of  gunshot  wound  of  the  knee-joint  treated  with  anti- 
septic injections  of  iodin  and  carbolic  acid.  Also  that  insects, 
and  especially  flies,  are  doubtless  frequently  the  cause  of  spread- 
ing disease.  Also  to  call  attention  to  impure  milk  in  relation 
to  infant  mortality.  Also  to  have  tabulated  330  milk -borne 
epidemics. 

Dr.  Joseph  H.  Bryan  (Washington  City)  has  contributed 
much  that  is  new  and  valuable  in  the  treatment  of  accessory 
sinuses  of  the  nose,  without  resort  to  internal  operation. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        1 3 

GEORGIA 

Dr.  Milton  Antony  (Georgia),  1 789-1839,  first  excised  the 
fifth  and  sixth  ribs  with  a  portion  of  gangrenous  lung  (18  21). 

Dr.  L.  A.  Dugas  (Augusta),  1 806-1 884,  first  to  perform 
abscission  of  the  cornea. 

Dr.  Crawford  Long  (Danielsville),  1816-1878,  was  one  of 
the  co-discoverers  of  anesthesia.  He  removed  a  small  tumor  from 
a  negro's  neck  under  ether  anesthesia  (1842).  He  published 
nothing.    He  died  in  obscurity. 

Dr.  Daniel,  18 19,  introduced  the  weights  and  pulley  in  the 
treatment  of  fractures. 

Dr.  Henry  Fraser  Campbell  (Augusta),  1842-1891,  dis- 
covered the  excitosecretory  system  of  nerves  (1857).  Invented 
several  gynecological  instruments.  Devised  the  knee-breast 
position  for  vaginal  examinations. 

Dr.  Robert  Battey  (Rome),  1828-1895,  advocated,  in  1872, 
the  removal  of  both  ovaries  for  dysmenorrhea  and  other  aggra- 
vated troubles  when  the  patient  could  not  be  relieved  by  any 
other  method. 

Dr.  Maury  M.  Stapler  (Macon):  New  instrument  for  the 
suction  massage  of  the  ear.  It  is  an  improvement  on  the  Politzer 
and  the  use  of  the  hard-rubber  catheter.  The  theory,  which  says 
adenoids  closing  the  Eustachian  tubes  partially  or  intermittently 
and  the  pathological  sequence,  rarification  of  the  air  in  the 
middle  ears  causing  unequal  pressure  on  the  tympanic  mem- 
branes, pressing  the  ossicular  chains  upon  the  labyrinth,  making 
the  footplate  of  the  stapes  to  impinge  within  the  oval  windows, 
attended  by  irritation,  swelling,  exudate  of  plastic  serum,  stretch- 
ing and  loss  of  contractile  power  of  the  stapedius  muscle  and 
fixation,  amounting  to  a  luxation  of  the  stapes,  is  one  cause  of 
many  cases  of  deaf-mutism — is  new.  The  method  of  reducing 
the  luxation  of  the  stapes,  by  suction  applied  equally  and  at  the 
same  time  to  the  ears  through  the  external  auditory  canals  and 
the  Eustachian  tubes  and  the  instrument  used — is  new.  The 
mechanical  demonstration  on  a  model  to  prove  the  principle 


14  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

of  physics,  applied,  is  effective  in  moving  the  stapes  and  the 
entire  ossicular  chain — is  new.  The  clinical  proof,  when  a  deaf- 
mute  patient  shows  marked  improvement  after  a  course  of  treat- 
ment, is  itself  new,  since  the  medical  profession  has  seen  no  such 
improvement  in  the  deaf  by  any  other  method. 

Samuel    J.   Crowe    discovered    that    hexamethylenamin    is 
excreted  in  cerebrospinal  fluid  (1909). 


ILLINOIS 

Dr.  Daniel  Brainard  (Chicago),  181 2-1866,  was  the  first 
to  perforate  the  ends  of  fragments  to  wire  the  bones  in  fractures 
(1852). 

Dr.  Nathan  Smith  Davis  (Chicago),  181 7-1906,  was  the 
father  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Dr.  Wm.  H.  Byford  (Chicago),  1817-1890,  originated  the 
plan  of  dilating  the  opening  of  pelvic  abscesses  discharging  into 
the  rectum  in  order  to  secure  efficient  drainage. 

Dr.  Charles  A.  Kuford  (Granville) :  Work  on  cell  lineage. 

Dr.  Edmund  Andrews  (Chicago),  1824-1904,  first  added 
oxygen  to  nitrous  gas  to  prolong  the  anesthetic  effects. 

Dr.  Christian  Fenger  (Chicago),  1 840-1 902,  was  one  of 
Chicago's  great  successful  surgeons  and  first  teacher  of  modern 
pathology.  He  was  the  first  in  Chicago  to  perform  vaginal 
hysterectomy  and  one  of  the  first  there  to  explore  the  brain  with 
an  aspirating  needle.  He  contributed  a  number  of  brilliant 
disciples  to  medical  science.  His  influence  over  his  generation 
has  been  tremendous  according  to  his  followers  and  admirers. 
Endoscopy  of  gunshot  wounds  (1871).  Introduction  of  Listerian 
methods  in  Cook  County  Hospital  (Chicago).  Performing 
plastic  operations  on  the  ureter  for  stricture  without  resection. 
Described  ball-valve  action  of  stones  in  the  common  duct. 

Dr.  H.  S.  Jennings  (Tonica):  Work  on  animal  behavior 
(1906). 

Dr.  Edmund  B.  Wilson  (Geneva):  Work  on  embryology, 
zoology  and  heredity. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       1 5 

Dr.  Nicholas  Senn  (Chicago),  1844-1908.  "Transplanta- 
tion of  Omental  Flap  (1887)."  Animal  experiments  proved  the 
possibility  for  reinforcing  a  line  of  intestinal  suture  or  covering 
the  neck  of  an  intussusception  (artificially  produced).  The  flap 
was  taken  either  from  the  margin  of  the  omentum  or  from  its 
middle,  care  being  taken  to  use  some  portion  supplied  with  a 
vessel  of  considerable  size.  Its  base  was  left  attached  to  the 
omentum.  "Treatment  of  Compound  Fracture  by  Bone  Ferrule 
(1893)."  The  ferrule  consisted  of  a  ring  of  bone  which  is  placed 
around  the  fragments  (like  a  ring  around  a  finger)  and  thus 
prevents  lateral  and  longitudinal  displacement.  "Bloodless 
Amputation  of  the  Hip-joint  by  a  New  Method  Consisting  of 
the  Straight  Incision  of  Langenbeck;  Preliminary  Dislocation 
of  the  Hip-joint."  Soft  tissues  tunneled  with  a  hemostatic 
forceps  on  a  level  with  the  trochanter  minor  to  a  point  on  the 
inner  aspect  of  the  thigh  behind  the  abductor  muscle.  Elastic 
constrictors  passed  through  tunnel  and  tied  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly,  rendering  operation  bloodless.  Amputation  then 
completed  in  the  usual  manner.  "Healing  of  Aseptic  Bone 
Cavities  by  Implantation  of  Antiseptic  Bone  Chips.''  Osteo- 
myelitic  cavities  first  rendered  aseptic  and  then  implanted  by 
decalcified  bone  chips,  covered  by  periosteum.  "Treatment 
of  Fractures  of  the  Neck  of  the  Femur  by  Immediate  Reduction 
and  Permanent  Fixation  (1889)."  Plaster  of  Paris  cast  of 
entire  limbs,  pelvic  and  opposite  limb,  as  far  as  the  knee.  Lateral 
pressure  over  great  trochanter  by  means  of  special  apparatus 
incorporated- in  cast  and  consisting  of  a  leather  pad  and  thumb 
screw  in  order  to  regulate  pressure  and  keep  fracture  reduced. 
"  Rectal  Insufflation  of  Hydrogen  Gas  as  a  Test  in  the  Diagnosis  of 
Visceral  Injury  of  the  Gastro-intestinal  Canal  in  Penetrating 
Wounds  of  the  Abdomen  (1888)."  Experimental  and  clinical 
experience  showed  the  practicability  of  forcing  gas  through  the 
ileocecal  valve  from  the  rectum  and  the  possibility  of  diagnosing 
gastro-intestinal  wounds  by  insufflation.  "Experimental  and 
Clinical  Study  of  Air  Embolism  (1885)."  These  experiments 
were  exhaustive,  having  been  done  on  horses,  sheep,  cats  and 


1 6  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

dogs,  and  demonstrated  positively  the  causes  of  an  embolism. 
The  great  practical  results  of  this  work  was  the  life-saving 
means  proposed  in  desperate  cases  of  air  embolism;  that  is, 
puncture  and  aspiration  of  the  right  ventricle.  The  surgery  of  the 
pancreas  as  based  upon  experiments  and  clinical  researches 
showed  that  restoration  of  continuity  of  pancreatic  duct  does 
not  take  place  after  complete  section  of  pancreas  (1886).  Com- 
plete extirpation  is  invariably  followed  by  death,  produced  either 
by  traumatism  or  by  gangrene  of  the  duodenum.  Complete 
destruction  of  the  pancreatic  duct  uncomplicated  by  pathological 
conditions  of  the  parenchyma  of  the  organ  never  results  in  the 
formation  of  a  cyst.  "  Movable  Kidney."  Fixation  without 
suture.  Removal  of  fatty  capsule.  Tamponnade  of  gauze 
around  kidney.  Healing  by  granulation.  Gradual  removal  of 
gauze.  "Gastroenterostomy  and  Intestinal  Anastomosis  by 
Means  of  Perforated  Decalcified  Bone  Plates  (1886)."  New 
incision  for  arthrectomy,  resection  and  for  reduction  of  irreducible 
dislocation  of  the  shoulder-joint.  The  advantage  is  that  the  scar 
resulting  from  the  operation  is  well  protected.  "Intestinal 
Surgery  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Treatment  of  Intestinal 
Obstruction."  He  made  valuable  experimental  contributions  to 
the  study  of  air  embolisms,  the  surgery  of  the  pancreas,  gunshot 
wounds  and  intestinal  anastomosis  in  which  he  introduced  the  use 
of  decalcified  bone  plates.  He  was  the  first  to  use  roentgen  rays 
in  the  treatment  of  leukemia  (1903).  He  was  a  great  master 
in  the  treatment  of  intestinal  surgery,  especially  in  the  treatment 
of  appendicitis.  He  was  the  first  to  demonstrate  the  possibilities 
and  limitations  of  the  surgery  of  the  pancreas.  He  was  the  great 
educator  of  the  West.  He  contributed  very  much  to  the  spread  of 
knowledge  by  his  numerous  publications.  He  was  justly  termed 
by  his  contemporaries  the  greatest  surgeon,  medical  authority, 
and  writer  the  West  has  ever  produced.  His  studies  on  tumors, 
including  the  first  comprehensive  writing  on  this  subject  in 
this,  country,  were  enough  to  make  him  famous.  He  founded 
the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States 
(1891). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        I  7 

Dr.  Ludwig  Hektoen  (Chicago) :  Work  in  pathology ;  experi- 
mental measles. 

Dr.  Frank  Billings  (Chicago) :  Focal  infections. 

Dr.  Weller  Van  Hook  (Chicago)  (deceased,  no  dates) : 
First  successfully  operated  on  a  case  of  perforation  in  typhoid 
fever. 

Dr.  Belfleld  (Chicago)  in  1886,  first  performed  suprapubic 
cystotomy  for  hypertrophied  prostate. 

Dr.  John B.  Murphy  (Chicago)  (deceased) :  "Proctoclysis  in 
the  Treatment  of  Peritonitis. "  "Axillary  and  Pectoral  Cicatrices 
Following  the  Removal  of  the  Breast,  Axillary  Glands,  and 
Connective- tissue  for  Malignant  or  Other  Diseases."  "Arsenical 
Treatment  of  Syphilis."  "Actinomycosis  Hominis,  with  Re- 
port of  Five  Cases."  "Intestinal  Approximation;  Pathological 
Histology  of  Reunion  and  Statistical  Analysis."  "Surgery  of 
Arteries  and  Veins  Injured  in  Continuity."  "First  Successful 
End-to-End  Union  of  the  Artery  in  the  Human. "  "  Contribution 
to  Abdominal  Surgery;  Ideal  Approximation  of  Abdominal 
Viscera  without  Suture."  "Clinical  Significance  of  Cervical 
Ribs. "  "Significance  of  the  Scalenus  Muscle. "  "Fibroma  of  the 
Gastrohepatic  Omentum  in  the  Lesser  Peritoneal  Cavity." 
"  Fibromyoma  Telangiectaticum  of  the  Gastrohepatic  Omentum." 
"Fractures  of  the  Olecranon  Treated  by  Subcutaneous  Extra- 
articular Wiring."  "Fibromyoma  Complicating  Pregnancy; 
Fibroma  of  the  Vaginal  Wall."  "Neurological  Surgery." 
"Removal  of  an  Embolus  from  the  Common  Iliac  Artery,  with 
Reestablishment  of  Circulation  in  the  Femoral."  "Surgery  of 
the  Lungs. "  "  Pneumothorax  as  a  Treatment  for  Tuberculosis. " 
"Some  Further  Advances  in  Renal  Surgery,  Plastic  on  Renal 
Pelvis. "  " Superior  Accessory  Thyroids. "  "Tuberculosis  of  the 
Patella."  "Substitution  of  Quadriceps  Tendon  for  Patella." 
"Tuberculosis  of  Female  Genitalia  and  Peritoneum."  "Tuber- 
culosis of  the  Testicle,  with  Special  Consideration  of  its  Con- 
servative Treatment."  "Trigeminal  Neuralgia  Treated  by 
Intraneural  Injection  of  Osmic  Acid."  "Ankylosis;  Arthro- 
plasty, Clinical  and  Experimental. "    '  'Resection  of  the  Rectum 


1 8  ■  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

per  Vaginam. "  "  Osmic  Acid  Injections  for  the  Relief  of  Trifacial 
Neuralgia."  "  Early  Operation  in  •Perityphlitis  "  (in  cooperation 
with  Dr.  E.  W.  Lee).  "  Operative  Surgery  of  the  Gall  Tracts,  with 
Original  Report  of  Twenty  Successful  Cholecystenterostomies  by 
Means  of  the  Anastomosis  Button."  "Surgery  of  the  Gasserian 
Ganglion,  with  Demonstration  and  Report  of  Two  Cases." 
"Fibroma  of  the  Mesentery."  "Report  of  Case  of  Typhoid 
Perforation  with  Peritoneal  Infection  and  Five  Other  Con- 
secutive Cases  of  General  Suppurative  Peritonitis;  All  Recov- 
ered." "A  Method  of  Dispensing  with  Rubber  Gloves  and  the 
Adhesive  Rubber.  Use  of  Palate  Mucous  Membrane  Flaps  in 
Ankylosis  of  the  Jaw,  Due  to  Cicatricial  Formation  in  the  Cheek. " 
"The  Surgical  Clinics  of  John  B.  Murphy,  M.D. "  Although  the 
foregoing  publications  contain  more  or  less  novel  views,  Dr. 
Murphy  states  that  the  following  work,  as  far  as  he  knows,  has 
been  done  by  no  one  else.  "The  End-to-end  Suture  of  Arteries. " 
"Proctoclysis  in  the  Treatment  of  Peritonitis."  "Arthroplasty 
of  Joints  with  Interposition  of  Fat  and  Fascia."  "The  Button 
as  a  Means  of  Intestinal  Anastomoses." 

Dr.  L.  L.  McArthur  (Chicago) :  So  far  as  I  know  I  was  the 
first  to  devise  and  recommend  a  muscle-splitting  operation  of  the 
abdominal  wall  for  any  purpose,  but  especially  for  appendicitis. 
I  devised  a  method  of  constructing  a  new  urethra  from  the 
vaginal  mucous  membrane.  I  devised  a  method  of  suturing 
hernias  with  living  sutures  made  from  the  tendons  of  the  external 
oblique  muscle:  in  other  words,  closing  the  hernia  with  living 
suture,  which  suture  I  demonstrated  to  be  living  for  years 
afterward.  I  devised  a  novel  method  of  treating  the  complications 
of  bile  tract  diseases  by  utilization  of  the  bile  tracts  for  the 
introduction  of  fluid  medicaments,  etc.,  into  the  duodenum.  I 
devised  a  new  surgical  access  to  the  pituitary  body,  through  an 
aseptic  field,  which  method  has  been  adopted  by  many  operators, 
notably  Dr.  Frazier,  of  Philadelphia.  I  demonstrated  the  cura- 
bility of  tuberculosis  of  the  large  intestine  by  an  appendicostomy, 
or  cecostomy,  the  originality  consisting  in  demonstrating  the 
applicability  of  this  method  of  approach  to  large  intestine 
tuberculosis. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        1 9 

Dr.  Allen  B.  Kanavel  (Chicago) :  "Experimental,  Anatom- 
ical, and  Clinical  Study  of  Infections  of  the  Hand."  In  this 
work  I  have  shown  where  pus  will  lie  in  the  hand  and  forearm 
in  any  infection  and  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  producing 
a  rapid  recovery  with  a  functionating  hand.  A  study  of  experi- 
mental work  in  relation  to  the  union  of  fractures  and  splenec- 
tomy. In  these  I  showed  that  the  removal  of  the  spleen  bore 
no  relation  to  repair  in  union  of  bones.  "An  investigation  as 
to  the  Most  Feasible  Method  of  Removing  Tumors  of  the 
Hypophysis."  In  this  work  I  believe  I  was  the  first  to  draw 
attention  to  the  fact  that  these  tumors  can  be  removed  through 
the  inferior  portion  of  the  nose  rather  than  going  through  the 
superior  portion,  as  had  been  previously  done  by  Schloffer,  von 
Eiselberg  and  others.  "A.  Study  of  Duodenal  Toxemia  and 
Mobilization  of  the  Duodenum."  "Consideration  as  to  the 
Osteoplastic  Closure  of  the  Canals  through  Which  the  Nerves 
Descend."  Experimentally  it  was  shown  to  be  possible,  and 
clinically  it  has  been  done,  but  the  procedure  has  not  been  known 
long  enough  to  determine  whether  or  not  it  has  established  a 
principle  that  may  be  of  value  in  these  cases.  "A  Study  as  to 
the  Question  of  the  Relation  of  Thyroidectomy  to  Dementia 
Praecox."  I  believe  that  the  investigation  and  report  that  I 
made  on  this  condition,  which  was  advocated  by  Halsted  and 
others,  has  shown  that  it  is  absolutely  of  no  avail.  "Surgical 
Intervention  in  Leontiasis  Ossea."  "A  Study  of  the  Clinical 
Histories  and  Skulls  in  Relation  to  Curative  and  Palliative 
Operations,  with  the  Report  of  a  Case." 

Dr.  Albert  E.  Halstead  (Chicago)  was  the  first  to  propose 
and  use  the  sublabial  trans-sphenoid  method  of  approach  to  the 
hypophysis  cerebri. 

Dr.  Alex.  H.  Ferguson  (Chicago)  (deceased)  devised  a 
method  of  closing  a  vaginal  fistula  by  cutting  deeply  around  its 
periphery  through  the  vaginal  walls  down  to  the  bladder.  The 
circular  flap  made  in  this  way  is  inverted  into  the  bladder  and 
its  raw  surfaces  approximated  with  buried  catgut  sutures  after 
which  the  vaginal  walls  are  sutured  together,  closing  in  the  entire 
raw  area. 


20  EDMOXD    SOUCHOX 

Dr.  Geo.  Callahan  (Chicago)  first  used  acetone  as  a  pallia- 
tive to  be  applied  to  incurable  cancer  of  the  neck  of  the  uterus. 

Dr.  Coleman  G.  Bueord  (Chicago)  was  the  first  surgeon  in 
the  West  to  perform  bacteriological  experiments  with  all  kinds 
of  gloves  used  in  surgery,  and  was  the  first  to  present  this  ques- 
tion to  a  medical  meeting  in  Chicago.  Described  a  syndrome 
characterizing  simple  goitre,  known  as  the  Buford  syndrome. 
Described  the  pathogenesis  of  goitre  in  children. 

Dr.  C.  0.  Whitman  founded  the  Journal  of  Morphology,  and 
did  important  work  in  embryology. 

Dr.  Emanuel  J.  Senn  (Chicago) :  "  Gastrotomy  by  a  Circular 
Valve  Method;  Stomach  Exposed."  Incision  \  inch  in  length 
made  into  its  cavity  as  near  cardia  as  possible.  Tube  introduced 
into  stomach  and  then  fixed  by  suture.  A  purse-string  suture 
is  passed  around  the  tube  at  a  distance  of  one-half  inch  from  it. 
The  suture  is  then  tied.  A  second  and  third  purse-string  suture 
is  passed  in  a  similar  manner  and  tied.  Result,  that  the  tube  lies 
in  a  funnel-shaped  inverted  position  of  the  anterior  wall  of  the 
stomach.  The  stomach'  is  fixed  to  the  anterior  abdominal 
wall. 

Dr.  J.  Gordon  Wilson  (Chicago) :  The  publication  on  the 
nerves  of  the  atrioventricular  bundle  was  the  first  published  in 
which  there  was  demonstrated  the  ganglion  cells  there  present 
and  their  endings.  The  communication  on  the  nerves  and 
nerve-endings  of  the  membrane  tympany  contains  many  new 
facts.  The  article  on  the  nerves  and  nerve-endings  in  the  mem- 
brana  tympani  of  man  is  still  the  only  communication  on  that 
subject.  The  papers  on  the  labyrinth  of  the  ear  contain  a 
number  of  new  data  in  regard  to  the  vestibular  mechanism. 

Dr.  Franklin  H.  Martln  (Chicago)  contributed  more  than 
any  other  one  man  to  the  foundation  of  the  American  College 
of  Surgeons,  also  to  the  Journal  of  Surgery,  Gynecology  and 
Obstetrics,  which  is  quite  a  contribution  to  medical  science. 

Dr.  William  A.  Locy  (Chicago)  did  important  work  in 
embryology.  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association  is  the 
greatest  contribution  of  its  kind.    It  is  unexcelled  anywhere. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       21 

INDIANA 

Dr.  John  S.  Bobbs  (Indianapolis)  performed  the  first  chole- 
cystotomy  (1868). 

Dr.  Miles  F.  Porter  (Fort  Wayne)  claims  to  have  originated 
the  method  of  treating  hyperthyroidism  by  injecting  boiling 
water  into  the  gland. 

IOWA 

Dr.  John  Bell  (Waterloo)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was  the  first 
to  perform  gastrotomy  for  the  removal  of  foreign  bodies. 

Dr.  Alonzo  E.  Taylor  (Alden)  did  important  work  on  fer- 
mentation (1906),  metabolism  (191 2),  and  application  of  physical 
chemistry  to  pathology. 

KENTUCKY 

Dr.  T.  H.  Morgan  (Lexington) :  Important  work  on  experi- 
mental embryology,  morphology,  and  zoology;  also  on  heredity. 

Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell  (Danville),  1771-1830,  was  the 
first  to  remove  an  ovarian  cyst.  He  did  it  in  Danville  in  1809. 
He  operated  on  13  cases  with  8  recoveries.  He  is  the  founder  of 
abdominal  surgery. 

Dr.  Walter  Brashear  (Bardstown),  1778-1809,  first  disar- 
ticulated the  hip- joint  in  1806. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Winslow  Dudley  (Lexington),  1 785-1870, 
was  the  first  to  trephine  for  epilepsy  (1828). 

Dr.  Henry  Miller  (Louisville),  1 800-1 874,  was  the  first  to 
make  applications  of  fluid  caustics  to  the  body  of  the  uterus  by 
using  a  mop. 

Dr.  Charles  McCreary  was  the  first  to  remove  the  clavicle 

(1813)- 

Dr.  John  R.  Wathen  (Louisville) :  An  improved  technic  in 
goitre  operations.  The  use  of  scissors  has  replaced  entirely  the 
knife,  and  all  structures,  beginning  with  the  skin,  and  later 
the  enlarged  thyroid  gland,  are  elevated  and  approached  from 
the  under  surface. 


2  2  EDMOND    SOUCHON 


LOUISIANA 


Dr.  Francois  Prevost  (Donaldsonville),  in  1830,  performed 
the  first  Cesarean  section  in  America.  He  operated  four  times 
successfully,  losing  but  one  mother  and  operating  twice  on  the 
same  woman. 

Dr.  Ditbourg  (New  Orleans),  in  1830,  was  the  first  to  perform 
vaginal  hysterectomy  in  America,  if  not  in  the  world.  (State- 
ment of  Professor  E.  S.  Lewis,  of  Tulane.) 

Dr.  Charles  H.  Luzenberg  (New  Orleans),  1805-1848,  first 
removed  gangrenous  bowel  in  hernia  and  sutured  the  ends 
successfully. 

Dr.  John  L.  Riddell  (New  Orleans),  1807-186 5,  invented 
the  binocular  microscope. 

Dr.  Warren  Stone  (New  Orleans),  1808-187 2,  was  the  first 
to  resect  a  portion  of  rib  to  secure  permanent  drainage  in  cases 
of  empyema.  He  first  cured  a  traumatic  aneurysm  of  the  second 
portion  of  the  subclavian  artery  by  digital  compression  upon 
the  third  portion  of  the  vessel.  He  was  the  first  to  apply  a  wire 
ligature  to  a  human  artery  for  aneurysm.  He  applied  it  to  the 
common  iliac  for  an  aneurysm  of  the  external  iliac.  Digital 
compression  is  undoubtedly  an  American  procedure. 

Dr.  Charles  J.  Faget,  Sr.  (New  Orleans),  181 8-1884,  dis- 
covered the  lack  of  correlation  between  the  pulse  and  the  tem- 
perature in  yellow  fever.  While  the  temperature  goes  up  the 
pulse  goes  down.    It  is  pathognomonic  of  yellow  fever. 

Dr.  Tobias  Gibson  Richardson  (New  Orleans),  1827-1892, 
was  the  first  to  amputate  both  legs  at  the  hip- joint  at  one  time 
in  the  same  subject,  the  patient  recovering.  He  was  the  first  to 
write  an  Anatomy  in  which  English  names  were  substituted  for 
the  Latin  names.  He  was  the  first  to  use  strong  injections  of 
nitrate  of  silver  for  cystitis.  His  wife's  devotion  to  his  memory 
caused  her  to  contribute  magnificent  buildings  on  Tulane 
Campus,  devoted  to  medical  education. 

Dr.  H.  D.  Schmidt  (New  Orleans),  1823-1888,  demonstrated 
the  origin  of  the  bile  ducts  in  the  intercellular  spaces. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        23 

Dr.  T.  W.  Compton  (New  Orleans),  in  1853,  was  the  first  to 
excise  both  the  radius  and  ulna. 

Dr.  Albert  B.  Miles  (New  Orleans),  185 2-1894,  was  the 
first  to  use  a  loop  ligature  on  the  first  portion  of  the  subclavian 
artery  while  operating  on  the  third  portion. 

Dr.  Andrew  W.  Smyth  (New  Orleans)  was  the  first  to  cure  a 
subclavian  aneurysm  of  the  third  portion.  He  first  ligated  simul- 
taneously the  innominate  and  the  common  carotid  and  later  the 
vertebral  artery  (1864).  His  ligation  of  the  innominate  artery 
is  the  first  successful  one  in  the  world  (1864).  His  patient  sur- 
vived, whereas  Dr.  Mott's  (1818)  did  not.  It  was  by  ligating 
the  vertebral  artery  on  the  appearance  of  secondary  hemorrhage 
in  his  case  that  he  cured  the  case. 

Dr.  Joseph  Jones  (New  Orleans),  1833-1896,  discovered  the 
Plasmodium  of  malarial  fever  before  Laveran.  (Statement  of 
Professor  Duval,  of  Tulane.) 

Dr.  Joseph  Holt  (New  Orleans)  was  the  first  to  force  sul- 
phurous acid  gas  into  the  hold  of  vessels  for  disinfection  pur- 
poses. He  disinfected  them,  but  he  did  not  know  how  or  why. 
He  was  killing  the  mosquitoes,  but  did  not  know  it  until  the 
mosquito  discovery  came  to  light. 

Dr.  Edmond  Souchon  (New  Orleans)  devised  a  new  method 
to  design  colored  charts  for  class  demonstrations.  The  sketch 
is  copied  from  a  book  with  a  pantograph,  and  the  shading  is 
done  by  black  crayons  and  willow  charcoal.  The  coloring  is  done 
with  pastels.  The  drawing  is  made  on  book  paper,  the  back  of 
which  is  painted  with  thin  Damar  varnish  and  turpentine,  which 
fixes  the  pastels  and  prevents  its  rubbing  off.  The  paper  is  then 
pasted  on  large  Bristol  boards  (30  x  40),  and  its  surface  is  sized 
with  thin  gelatin  and  then  varnished  with  thin  Damar.  Preser- 
vation of  anatomical  dissections  with  permanent  color  of  mus- 
cles and  organs  by  two  methods.  The  chemical  method  using 
arsenic,  calcium,  chloride,  and  formol.  The  paint  method,  by 
which  colorless  muscles  in  a  dissection  are  given  permanent  color 
by  painting  them  with  artists'  paints.  Founded  preservative 
anatomy  after  the  method  described  above.    Founded  methodic 


24  EDMOXD    SOUCHOX 

anatomy  as  evidenced  in  a  plea  for  methodical  text-book  on 
anatomy.  A  single  and  uniform  guide  is  strictly  followed  in 
describing  each  and  ever}*  organ,  from  the  largest  to  the  small- 
est. Founded  philosophical  anatomy  as  exemplified  in  the 
publication  of  philosophic  anatomy  of  the  tongue,  liver,  lungs. 
kidneys.  The  peculiarities  only  of  the  organs  are  considered, 
and  it  is  endeavored  to  explain  the  reason  of  things,  the  why  and 
wherefore.  Founded  esthetic  anatomy  by  using  systematically 
in  teaching  400  large  pastel  colored  charts  and  projecting  on  the 
screen  a  complete  series  of  300  colored  lantern  slides,  the  repro- 
duction of  the  atlases  of  Bonamy  and  Beau  and  of  Hirschfeldt 
and  Leveille.  Founded  the  Souchon  Museum  of  Anatomy  at 
Tulane  University.  It  was  so  named  by  resolution  of  the  Board 
of  Administrators.  It  contains  350  dissections,  large  and  small. 
They  are  all  natural  preparations.  There  are  no  dried,  wax.  or 
papier  mache  specimens.  All  the  muscles  and  organs  present 
permanent  color.  Xo  other  museum  anywhere  presents  this 
feature.  They  are  prepared  after  the  Souchon  method  of  pre- 
serving anatomical  dissections.  Surgical  collateral  branch, 
which  takes  the  place  of  the  main  artery  when  that  artery  has 
been  ligated.  Embalming  of  bodies  for  teaching  purposes.  The 
chemicals  used  are  arsenic,  formol,  alcohol,  glycerin,  carbolic  acid, 
and  creosote.  The  originality  lies  in  the  combinations  selected, 
in  the  proportions  of  each  and  the  result  obtained  in  the  color 
of  the  muscles.  ''First  Complete  History  of  Aneurysms  of  the 
Arch  of  the  Aorta. "  ''First  Complete  History  of  the  Operative 
Treatment  of  Aneurysms  of  the  Third  Portion  of  the  Subclavian 
Artery.'''  "First  and  Only  Dissection  of  a  Subclavian  Aneurysm 
of  the  Third  Portion  of  the  Subclavian  Artery*,  Demonstrating 
the  Collateral  Circulation  after  Ligature  of  the  Main  Arteries." 
It  took  place  through  the  anastomoses  of  the  perforating  inter- 
costals  with  the  branches  of  the  subscapular  in  the  substance 
of  the  great  serrate  muscle.  The  specimen  is  now  in  the  Army 
Medical  Museum  in  Washington.  First  to  advocate  simultan- 
eous double  ligature  of  the  first  portion  of  the  subclavian  and  the 
vertebral  artery*  without  rupturing  the  coats  for  the  cure  of 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       25 

subclavian  aneurysm  of  the  third  portion.  First  to  advocate  the 
ligation  of  the  axillary  artery  above  the  origin  of  the  subscap- 
ular for  the  cure  of  recurrent  aneurysm  of  the  third  portion  of 
the  subclavian.  "First  Complete  History  of  Double  Aneurysm 
of  the  Same  Artery."  "  First  Complete  History  of  the  Operative 
Treatment  of  Irreducible  Dislocations  of  the  Shoulder- joint." 
Resection  of  the  head  is  better  and  easier  than  reduction.  "Com- 
plete History  of  Drilling  of  Holes  through  the  Skull  to  Explore 
with  Syringe  and  Needle."  "First  Complete  History  of  Wounds 
of  the  Large  Surgical  Veins."  When  a  large  vein  has  been  injured 
and  ligated,  if  the  collateral  venous  circulation  is  inadequate 
and  gangrene  is  threatened  the  main  artery  of  the  region  must 
be  ligated,  but  below  the  largest  collateral  which  will  carry 
enough  blood  to  nourish  the  parts  beyond,  while  the  ligation  of 
the  main  trunk  will  diminish  the  quantity  of  blood  or  equalize 
the  arterial  and  the  collateral  venous  circulation.  "First  Com- 
plete History  of  the  Treatment  of  Abscesses  of  the  Liver  by 
Aspiration."  Small  abscesses  of  not  over  one  quart  were  often 
cured  by  single  aspiration.  First  to  write  a  "  Complete  History 
of  the  Surgical  Diseases  and  Injuries  of  the  Neck."  Each  region 
of  the  neck  is  considered  separately.  The  peculiarities  only  of 
diseases  are  mentioned.  No  generalities  are  mentioned.  First 
to  write  a  "Methodic  Description  of  a  Surgical  Disease."  A 
single  uniform  plan  or  guide  is  adopted  and  is  strictly  followed 
in  describing  each  and  every  surgical  disease.  Devised  "Sou- 
chon's  Anesthetizer,"  an  apparatus  to  inject  anesthetic  vapor 
in  the  lower  pharynx  by  a  rubber  tube  introduced  through  the 
nose  or  the  mouth.  The  apparatus  is  worked  by  one  hand  which 
presses  a  bulb  and  forces  the  vapor  through  the  tube.  Its  orig- 
inality lies  in  its  small  size,  and  simplicity.  Other  apparatus 
used  for  this  purpose  are  large,  clumsy  and  worked  with  the 
foot  and  bellows.  Devised  speculum  holder  for  Sims's  duck- 
bill speculum.  An  upright  with  a  line  of  nails  is  screwed  to  the 
side  of  the  operating  table.  The  outside  end  of  the  speculum 
is  held  by  a  loop  of  rubber  with  a  string  to  it.  The  string  is 
wound  around  a  nail  on  the  upright.    It  is  quite  a  help  and  relief 


26  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

to  the  assistant  who  has  only  to  guide  the  inside  speculum  in 
the  proper  position.  "First  Formal  Plea  for  a  Reform  in  Medi- 
cal Education."  "First  Formal  Plea  for  a  Reform  in  University 
Education."  Wrote  the  first  "Formal  Sanitary  Code  in  America 
for  the  Louisiana  State  Board  of  Health."  "Reminiscences  of 
Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims  in  Paris."  Designed  the  "Floor  Plans  of 
the  Josephine  Hutchinson  Memorial  School  of  Medicine  of 
Tulane  University."  It  is  the  largest  and  most  elaborate  under- 
one-roof  medical  college  in  America.  First  to  write  a  "Formal 
History  of  the  Original  Contributions  of  America  to  Medical 
Science  to  Date." 

Dr.  Rudolph  Matas  (New  Orleans):  "Drum  Snares,-" 
solid  rings  for  end-to-end  and  lateral  intestinal  anastomosis. 
"Method  of  Securing  Circular  Constriction  with  Fixation  Pins 
of  the  Auricle  to  Obtain  absolute  hemostasis  in  operations  for 
Cavernous  and  other  angiomas  of  the  auricle.  Pins  are  inserted 
around  the  auricle  and  an  elastic  thread  is  wound  around  the  pins. 
"Easy  Method  of  Securing  Hemostasis  in  Bleeding  Injuries  of  the 
Upper  Lip  in  Hemophilic  Subjects. "  "Arrest  of  Hemorrhage  by 
Direct  Elastic  Compression."  An  ordinary  wide  elastic  band 
(stationers')  is  adjusted  over  the  lip  and  fixed  by  threads  to 
prevent  slipping  up  or  down.  "New  Methods  of  Reducing  and 
Securing  Fixation  of  Displaced  Fragment  in  Zygomatic  Frac- 
tures." A  long  semilunar  Hagedorn  needle  threaded  with  silk 
is  entered  one  inch  above  the  middle  of  the  displaced  fragment, 
is  passed  well  into  the  temporal  fossa,  and  is  made  to  emerge 
one-half  inch  below  the  arch.  The  silk  is  used  to  pull  the  bone 
into  position.  A  firm  pad  is  applied  externally  and  the  wire  is 
twisted  over  the  pad.  On  the  ninth  or  tenth  day  the  wire,  pad, 
etc.,  are  removed  permanently.  "Adaptation  and  Modification 
of  the  Kraske  Method  for  Cases  of  Congenital  Imperforation 
of  the  Anus."  "Modification  of  the  Fell-O'Dwyer  Apparatus 
for  Direct  Intralaryngeal  Insufflation  (first  Effort  to  Apply 
Positive  Pressure  in  the  Surgery  of  the  Thorax  in  the  United 
States)  Anesthesia  in  Overcoming  Surgical  Pneumothorax." 
"A  New  Gradual  Air  Pump  for  Positive  Pressure  in  its  Applica- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       27 

tion  to  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice."  The  Matas-Smyth 
pump.  "An  Adjustable  Metallic  Interdental  Splint  for  the 
Treatment  of  Fracture  of  the  Lower  Jaw. "  "An  Apparatus  for 
Massive  Infiltration  Anesthesia  with  Weak  Analgesic  Solutions." 
Original  methods  of  blocking  the  nerves  in  regional  anesthesia : 
(1)  "Original  Method  of  Anesthesia  of  the  Forearm  and  Hand 
by  Intraneural  and  Paraneural  Infiltration  with  Cocain,  Novocain 
and  Other  Succedanea  into  the  Trunks  of  the  Musculospiral, 
Median,  and  Ulnar. "  The  procedure  secures  complete  analgesia 
of  the  forearm  and  hand,  permitting  amputations,  resections, 
or  any  other  operation.  First  case  operated  by  this  method, 
January,  1898.  (2)  "Regional  Anesthesia  of  the  Territory 
Supplied  by  Second  Division  of  the  Trigeminus  by  Blocking  the 
Nerve  from  the  Foramen  Rotundum  by  Two  Routes:  (a)  By 
Introducing  the  Needle  through  the  Sphenomaxillary  Fissure 
into  the  Sphenopalatine  Fossa  and  Reaching  the  Nerve  and  Even 
the  Gasserian  Ganglion  through  the  Foramen  Rotundum. "  This 
route  to  the  superior  maxillary  division  of  the  trigeminus  was 
first  applied  by  Dr.  Matas  in  removing  both  upper  maxillae  for 
carcinoma  April  29,  1899.  This  route  is  now  known  as  the 
"Payr  route"  in  Germany,  though  its  application  has  only 
recently  obtained  in  Germany,  (b)  The  inframalar  route  to 
the  second  and  third  division  appeared  also  at  the  same  time 
(1899)  to  block  the  second  and  third  division  of  the  trigeminus 
for  operations  on  the  jaw,  thus  antedating  Schlosser  and  now 
recognized  as  the  "Matas  route. "  (See  Braun,  Local  Anesthesia, 
2d  ed.,  1913;  also  Haertel,  loc.  cit.,  1913.)  Original  account  of 
these  and  other  procedures  described  by  Dr.  Matas.  (See 
Philadelphia  Med.  Jour.,  November  3,  1900.)  Was  also  the  first 
to  apply  spinal  subarachnoid  anesthesia  for  surgical  purposes  in 
the  United  States  (November  10,  1899),  though  Leonard  Corning, 
of  New  York,  had  applied  it  for  medical  purposes  in  1886,  and 
had  laid  the  foundation  for  the  surgical  procedure.  A.  Bier, 
then  of  Keil,  Germany,  first  introduced  and  resorted  to  it  for 
surgical  purposes  in  April,  1899.  (See  Philadelphia  Med.  Jour., 
November  3, 1900).    "An  operation  for  the  Radical  Cure  of  Aneu- 


25  EDMOND    SOUCHOX 

rysm  by  Endo-aneurysmorrhaphy,  with  Intrasaccular  Suture  (the 
'  Matas  operation '),  First  Applied  in  March,  1888. "  In  this  three 
different  methods  are  described  for  the  first  time:  (1)  obliterative, 
(2)  restorative,  (3)  reconstructive  endoaneurysmorrhaphy;  225 
operations  by  these  methods  were  reported  up  to  August  17, 
1913,  International  Congress  of  Medicine,  London.  "The 
Flexible,  Flat,  Removable  Band  for  the  Occlusion  of  Large 
Surgical  Arteries  (with  Dr.  Carroll  W.  Allen),  the  "Matas- 
Allen  band, "  for  testing  the  efficiency  of  the  collateral  circulation 
in  the  circle  of  Willis  and  other  parts  (a  modification  of  the 
Halsted  band).  "A  Method  of  Testing  the  Efficiency  of  the 
Collateral  Circulation  as  a  Preliminary  to  the  Occlusion  of  the 
Great  Surgical  Arteries,  Hyperemia  Reaction  or  Living  Color 
Test  (Used  on  the  Extremities) :"  Complete  ischemia  of  the 
limb  is  obtained  by  elevation  and  application  of  an  elastic  bandage 
to  the  level  of  the  lesion.  Then  a  Matas  compressor  is  applied 
to  the  proximal  side  and  as  near  the  aneurysm  as  possible  until 
the  aneurysm  is  absolutely  stilled  and  is  allowed  to  remain  from 
six  to  ten  minutes.  Immediately  on  removal  of  the  elastic 
bandage,  the  compressor  being  still  in  place,  a  hypodermic 
flush  descends  the  limb  rapidly.  The  digits  retain  a  cadaveric, 
waxy,  lifeless  pallor  for  several  seconds,  which  may  be  prolonged 
from  ten  to  forty  minutes,  or  even  longer,  according  to  the 
development  of  the  collaterals.  If  there  is  no  collateral  cir- 
culation the  limb  will  remain  ischemic.  The  second  test  is  based 
on  the  preliminary  occlusion  of  the  main  artery,  with  the  pliable 
and  removable  aluminum  band,  which  can  be  removed  in  fifty- 
six  hours  without  injury  to  the  vessel  in  the  event  of  manifes- 
tations of  ischemic  phenomena;  for  example,  hemiplegia,  stupor, 
and  coma  after  the  obliteration  of  the  common  carotid  artery. 
"A  Method  for  Reducing  the  Caliber  of  the  Thoracic  Aorta  by 
Plication  or  Infolding  of  its  Walls  by  Means  of  Lateral  Parietal 
Suture  Applied  in  One  or  More  Stages."  (An  experimental 
investigation  with  Dr.  Carroll  W.  Allen).  "Direct  Duodenal 
Catheterization  through  the  Gall-bladder  and  Common  Duct 
for  Nutrient  Medicinal  Purposes"  (an  Extension  of  McArthur's 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        20. 

Gall-bladder  Drip).  "A  Simple  Expedient  in  Treating  Compli- 
cated Fractures  of  the  Lower  Jaw  in  Conditions  Forbidding  the 
Use  of  Sprints  or  Intrabuccal  Prosthesis"  (with  Dr.  L.  Landry). 
Four  or  five  turns  of  a  thin  Esmarch  bandage  are  taken  around 
the  face  and  jaw  from  the  bregma  to  the  chin  and  under  the 
jaw;  this  is  fixed  by  a  bandage  passed  around  the  forehead  to 
prevent  slipping.  Immobilizes  the  fragments  after  reduction; 
assists  materially  in  getting  rid  of  swelling  and  edema.  "The 
Prophylaxis  of  Postoperative  Tetanus  Based  upon  Proper  Dietetic 
Measures  and  upon  the  Contamination  of  the  Alimentary  Canal, 
with  the  Tetanus  Bacillus  Introduced  in  Uncooked  Vegetable 
Foods."  Dr.  Matas  has  devised  a  special  rachitome  which  he 
uses  with  advantage  in  performing  laminectomy  for  extensive 
spinal  lesions.  This  is  a  simple  but  very  strong  chisel,  with  a 
short  but  powerful  cutting  tooth  prolonged  into  a  long  curved, 
metallic  handle.  The  chisel  has  enormous  strength  and  leverage, 
and  can  cut  a  continuous  linear  section  through  the  laminae  in  a 
very  short  time  without  injury  to  the  dura.  Dr.  Matas  has  also 
devised  and  uses  with  advantage  a  special  long  suture  carrier 
which  greatly  facilitates  the  tacking  of  the  omentum  or  mesentery 
in  making  colonic  or  other  visceral  suspensions  for  prolapsed 
stomach,  colon,  etc.  It  permits  of  an  extensive  suturing  of 
distant  displaced  organs  through  a  comparatively  small  median 
incision.  In  this  way  a  colonic  suspension  may  be  made  in  the 
course  of  a  pelvic  operation  through  a  short  and  low  laparotomy 
incision  with  little  additional  trauma  or  intraperitoneal  manipu- 
lation. In  an  exhaustive  monograph  on  the  "Surgical  Treatment 
of  Anorectal  Imperf oration "  (congenital)  Dr.  Matas  laid  special 
stress  upon  the  advantages  of  the  perineococcygeal  route  and 
described  a  procedure  which  he  first  applied  with  decided  success 
in  a  case  of  imperforate  anus  with  a  high-placed  enteron.  In  this 
case  the  distended  gut  was  brought  down  from  a  high  position 
in  the  pelvis  by  a  partial  Kraske,  which  allowed  it  to  be  pulled 
down  to  the  proctodeum  or  infundibulum,  to  which  it  was 
sutured  by  a  lateral  anastomosis.  In  this  way  the  sphincter 
fibers  of  the  anal  region  are  preserved  and  a  better  chance  of 


30  EDMOXD    SOUCHON 

rectal  control  is  obtained.  Matas  says  that:  "My  effort  to 
simplify  the  cure  of  aneurysm  by  the  intrasaccular  suture  and 
the  principles  involved  in  the  modern  treatment  of  aneurysms 
and  my  insistence  upon  the  surety  of  studying  the  conditions  of 
the  collateral  and  peripheral  circulations  before  attempting  the 
permanent  occlusion  of  the  great  surgical  arteries,  and  my 
insistence  also  upon  the  simple  and  efficient  method  which  I  have 
devised  and  practised,  and  by  which  the  efficiency  or  inefficiency 
of  the  collateral  circulation  can  be  determined,  are  the  con- 
tributions which  I  would  prefer  to  have  recognized." 

Dr.  Arthur  W.  De  Roaldes  was  the  first  to  establish  a 
nose,  eye,  ear,  and  throat  hospital  in  the  South  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  and  from  St.  Louis  to  the  Gulf. 

Drs.  F.  W.  Parham  and  E.  D.  Martin  devised  a  new  treat- 
ment for  fractures.  It  consists  in  a  band  that  fits  snugly  around 
any  unevenness  of  the  bones.  Especially  useful  in  the  treatment 
of  oblique  fractures. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Duval  (New  Orleans)  claims  to  be  the  first 
to  obtain  the  bacillus  of  leprosy  in  pure  culture.  Subcutaneous 
leprous  nodules  are  removed  under  sterile  conditions,  cut  into 
small  bits  and  planted  aerobically  on  a  medium  of  split  protein 
products.  After  removal  it  is  autolyzed  by  adding  some  proteo- 
lytic bacterium  or  allowing  the  tissue  to  slowly  disintegrate  under 
sterile  conditions  at  37  °  C.  for  several  weeks,  then  extracting 
the  juice  by  Berkefeld  filtration.  Dr.  Duval  has  discovered  the 
causal  agent  of  infantile  diarrhea  or  summer  complaint,  and 
proved  that  it  is  a  bacillus  belonging  to  the  dysentery  group. 

Dr.  Wm.  H.  Harris  (New  Orleans) :  "Production  of  Pellagra 
in  the  Monkey  by  a  Berkefeld  Filtrate  from  Human  Lesions." 
The  filtrate  was  injected  hypodermically. 

Dr.  Maurice  Couret  (New  Orleans)  demonstrated  that  the 
fish  is  the  host  of  the  bacillus  of  leprosy.  The  fish  were  inoculated 
simultaneously  with  a  bacterial  emulsion  of  Bacillus  leprae. 
Fish  were  fed  on  human  leprosy  nodules  and  the  flesh  of  infected 
fish.  All  the  bacilli  multiplied  in  the  fish  and  were  harbored  by 
them  without  apparent  discomfort  or  outward  evidence  of  the 
disease. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       3 1 

Dr.  C.  C.  Bass  and  F.  M.  Johns  (New  Orleans)  were  the  first 
to  cultivate  the  plasmodium  of  malarial  fever  (191 1).  They 
showed  that  when  blood  with  plasmodium  was  heated  to  a  certain 
temperature  the  plasmodium  continued  to  live  for  a  certain  time 
but  would  eventually  die.  By  adding  some  dextrose  the  plasmo- 
dium continued  to  live  and  multiplied.  They  have  studied 
especially  the  influence  of  emetine  and  ipecac  as  a  specific  remedy 
against  the  protozoon  of  pyorrhea  alveolaris,  specially  proper 
dose,  best  method  of  administration,  duration  of  treatment,  and 
prevention  of  relapse  or  reinfection. 

Dr.  Marion  Souchon  (New  Orleans)  was  the  first  to  remove 
a  urinary  calculus  from  the  vesical  portion  of  the  ureter  through 
the  perineal  route.  He  was  guided  by  the  touch  through  the 
rectum   and   through   the  wound. 

Dr.  Robert  Clyde  Lynch  (New  Orleans)  claims  to  be  the 
first  to  remove  a  tumor  whole  from  the  larynx.  Also  to  be 
the  first  to  have  sutured  a  surgical  wound  in  the  interior  of  the 
larynx. 

Mr.  Lloyd  Arnold  (New  Orleans)  is  the  first  to  demonstrate 
the  occurrence  in  the  human  ovary  of  several  ova  in  the  same 
follicle.  The  work  was  done  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Irving  Hardesty  in  the  laboratory  of  anatomy  at  Tulane  Uni- 
versity. 

Dr.  Carrol  W.  Allen  (New  Orleans)  is  the  first  to  publish 
the  only  thorough  book  on  local  anesthesia  in  the  English 
language. 

Dr.  Ansel  Caine  (New  Orleans)  devised  a  warm  ether 
apparatus  without  using  a  flame.  The  apparatus  consists  of  a 
bellows  worked  by  foot  pressure  which  vaporizes  the  ether.  The 
vapor  is  driven  through  a  coil  of  pipe  enclosed  in  a  metal  receptacle 
containing  acetate  of  soda.  This  receptacle  is  immersed  in  boiling 
water  for  fifteen  minutes  before  using  and  the  soda  will  retain 
the  heat  for  several  hours.  The  vapor  driven  through  the 
heated  coil  is  delivered  warm  to  the  patient. 

Dr.  Henry  D.  Burns  (New  Orleans)  was  the  first  to  devise  a 
tucking  operation  for  shortening  any  one  of  the  straight  muscles 
of  the  eye. 


32  EDMOND   SOUCHON 

Dr.  Oscar  Dowling  was  the  first  in  the  Southwest  to  equip 
a  health  car  for  the  Louisiana  State  Board  of  Health  and  with  it 
to  travel  over  the  country  to  perform  the  true  functions  of  a 
State  Board  of  Health,  i.  e.,  to  teach  the  people  how  to  preserve 
and  improve  their  health. 

Dr.  Stanford  C.  Jamison,  by  experimenting  on  dogs,  dis- 
covered that  when  the  large  vessels  of  the  spleen  were  ligated 
the  organ  would  not  slough  if  it  were  covered  by  the  omentum. 

The  State  of  Louisiana  was  the  first  State  to  establish  and 
maintain  a  leprosarium  (Leper's  home). 


MARYLAND 

Dr.  John  B.  Davldge  (Baltimore),  1 768-1829,  first  tied  the 
gluteal  artery  for  aneurysm. 

Dr.  Horatio  G.  Jameson  (Baltimore),  17 78-1 85 5,  was  the 
first  to  describe  animal  ligature  in  1827.  He  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  remove  the  upper  jaw  (1820).  Was  the  first  to  pro- 
claim non-contagiousness  of  yellow  fever.  He  was  the  first  to 
incise  the  cervix  uteri. 

Dr.  Ruben  D.  Mussey  (Baltimore?),  1 780-1866 :  Was  the  first 
to  ligate  the  two  common  carotids  after  an  interval  of  but  twelve 
days  (1831-37). 

Dr.  William  Gibson  (Baltimore),  1 788-1868,  ligated  the 
common  iliac  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  surgery  (181 2). 

Dr.  John  D.  Goodman  (Annapolis),  1 794-1830,  produced 
three  works  of  importance  and  originality;  his  treatise  on  the 
fascia,  his  contribution  to  physiological  and  pathological  anatomy 
and  his  American  natural  history. 

Dr.  John  R.  Young  (Baltimore),  published,  in  1803,  the 
first  American  contribution  to  the  physiology  of  digestion.  He 
demonstrated  that  the  solvent  principle  of  the  gastric  juice  is  an 
acid  which  is  a  part  of  the  normal  gastric  secretion. 

Dr.  Charles  Frick  (Baltimore),  18 23-1 860,  was  the  first  to 
show  that  the  mere  presence  of  albumin  does  not  itself  indicate 
organic  disease. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       33 

Dr.  Edward  Warren  (Baltimore),  in  187 1,  first  resected 
the  head  of  the  humerus  in  the  case  of  an  old,  irreducible  dis- 
location. 

Dr.  W.  K.  Brooks:     Work  in  embryology. 

Dr.  William  S.  Halsted  (Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins): 
1 880-1 88 1,  introduced  gutta-percha  tissue  as  a  dressing  for 
granulating  and  fresh  wounds,  employing  it  later  as  a  drainage 
material.  Was  the  first  to  use  silver-foil,  rubber  gloves,  and 
gutta-percha  tissue.  The  thin  gutta-percha  was  first  made  at  his 
request.  1884,  directed  attention  to  the  effects  of  abduction 
and  adduction  on  apparent  length  of  limb  and  on  measurements 
in  fracture  of  the  neck  of  the  femur.  1884,  performed  and 
recommended  transfusion  of  blood  centripetally  into  an  artery 
in  the  human  subject  and  returned  by  transfusion  the  patient's 
own  blood  after  it  had  been  mechanically  freed  of  the  poison 
(CO)  of  illuminating  gas.  1885,  devised  and  described  the  dis- 
tention or  infiltration  method  of  employing  cocain  for  local 
anesthesia;  noted  also  that  the  injection  of  cocain  into  a  nerve 
produced  anesthesia  in  the  parts  supplied  by  that  nerve,  and  that 
cutting  off  or  diminishing  the  blood  supply  of  the  cocainized 
part  increased  and  prolonged  the  anesthetic  effect.  1885, 
discovered  that  local  anesthesia  might  be  produced  by  the 
injection  of  exceedingly  weak  solutions  of  cocain  and  even  of 
water.  1886,  recommended  and  practised  the  treatment  of 
urethritis  by  irrigation  with  antiseptic  solutions.  1887,  directed 
the  attention  of  surgeons  to  the  submucous  coat  of  the  intestines 
and  to  the  necessity  of  including  a  portion  of  this  coat  in  the 
stitches  in  making  an  intestinal  suture.  Performed  on  animals 
operations  of  reversal  of  the  intestines  and  the  isolation  of  an 
intestinal  loop.  1888,  made  the  discovery,  with  Sir  Victor 
Horsley  and  independently,  that  after  removal  of  a  portion  of  the 
thyroid  glands  in  dogs  there  occurs  a  characteristic  hyperplasia 
of  the  part  remaining  and  that  the  glands  of  puppies  of  thyroidec- 
tomized  parents  became  likewise  hypertrophied.  1889,  devised 
the  buried  plate-and-screw  method  for  the  treatment  of  fractures. 
1889,  introduced  the  teaching  of  operative  surgery  on  animals. 


34  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

1 889-1 894,  described  a  radical  operation  for  the  cure  of  cancer 
of  the  breast.  1890,  introduced  rubber  gloves.  1891-1893, 
devised  an  operation  for  the  cure  of  inguinal  hernia.  1891,  per- 
formed the  first  successful  ligation  of  the  first  portion  of  the  left 
subclavian  artery,  also  the  first  and  for  many  years  the  only 
excision  of  a  subclavian  aneurysm.  1895,  devised  a  method  of 
skin  transplantation  by  progressive  rotation  of  the  transferred 
pieces.  1896,  performed  the  first  excision  of  a  cancer  of  the 
diverticulum  of  Vater  of  the  common  duct.  .  1896,  introduced 
silver-foil  as  a  dressing  for  closed  wounds,  covering  for  skin 
grafts,  etc.  1901,  discovered,  with  Opie,  in  a  case  of  acute 
hemorrhagic  pancreatitis  that  retrojection  of  bile  into  the 
pancreatic  duct  might  be  a  cause  of  this  lesion.  1903,  recom- 
mended the  use  of  the  cremaster  muscle  in  the  treatment  of  the 
oblique  form  and  the  sheath  of  the  muscular  rectus  abdominis  in 
the  direct  form  of  inguinal  hernia.  1905,  devised  a  method  for  the 
partial,  progressive,  and  complete  occlusion  of  the  aorta  and 
other  large  arteries  by  the  use  of  metal  bands,  also  an  instrument 
with  which  to  curl  and  apply  these  bands.  Introduced  the 
metal  roll  or  band  and  was  the  first  to  experiment  with  the  partial 
occlusion  of  arteries.  1906,  operated  upon  the  aortic  arch  in  the 
human  subject  and  (1906)  upon  the  thoracic  artery  in  animals  and 
man,  and  demonstrated  that  after  partial  occlusion  of  the  aorta 
(thoracic)  the  systolic  blood-pressure  might  remain  lowered  for 
months.  1906,  cured  aneurysm  of  some  of  the  principal  arterial 
trunks  by  partial  occlusion  of  the  artery  proximal  to  the 
aneurysm.  1906-1908,  demonstrated  on  dogs  the  possibility  of 
the  transplantation  of  the  parathyroid  glands  and  obtained 
absolute  proof  of  a  vital  function  of  these  epithelial  bodies. 
Established  certain  laws  relative  to  the  transplantation  of  the 
parathyroid  glands.  1906,  treated  tetany  successfully  by  the 
administration  of  the  parathyroid  glands  of  beeves.  1906  or 
1907,  made  use  of  measurements  of  the  mammary  radii  to  assist 
in  the  diagnosis  of  breast  tumors  and  in  the  determination  of 
the  age  and  relative  malignancy  of  cancer  of  the  breast.  1910, 
contrived,  with  Dr.  Willis  D.  Gatch,  the  obturator  or  bulk- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       35 

head  method  of  performing  end-to-end  suture  of  the  intestines. 
"The  Transfixion  Method  of  Controlling  Hemorrhage  with  the 
finest  silk  embraces  features  and  principles  which  are  original 
(1913). "  "An  Original  Method  of  Closing  the  Wound  in  Opera- 
tions for  Cancer  of  the  Breast,  Obliterating  the  Dead  Space 
under  the  Clavicle."  The  swelling  of  the  arm  and  restriction  of 
motion  is  prevented  by  this  method  (1913).  1914,  employed  the 
partial  occlusion  of  the  external  iliac  artery  as  a  preliminary  to 
excision  of  an  iliofemoral  aneurysm.  Demonstrated  the  beneficial 
effect  of  radiation  of  the  thymus  gland  in  cases  of  Graves's 
disease  uncured  by  double  lobectomy.  Demonstrated  that  a 
parathyroid  graft  too  small  to  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye  was 
sufficient  to  maintain  the  life  of  a  dog  (191 2).  First  to  trans- 
plant the  parathyroid  glands  in  dogs.  Established  the  law  that 
for  the  successful  transplantation  of  these  bodies  a  deficiency 
must  be  created.  These  experiments  furnished  the  first  functional 
proof  of  the  vital  importance  of  these  organs  in  dogs,  that  tetany 
would  follow  the  removal  of  the  sustaining  graft.  Report  first 
cases  of  open-air  treatment  of  surgical  tuberculosis.  Also  insti- 
tuted the  outdoor  treatment  of  general  surgical  patients. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Welch  has  specially  advanced  bacteriology  and 
pathology  in  America.  He  discovered  the  Staphylococcus  epider- 
midis  albus  and  its  relation  to  dermal  infection  (1892) ;  also  the 
Bacillus  aerogenes  capsulatus  (1892);  in  important  studies  of 
embolism  and  thrombosis,  with  Flexner,  he  demonstrated  the 
pathological  changes  produced  by  experimental  injection  of  the 
toxins  of  diphtheria,  simultaneously  with  Von  Behring.  He  is  the 
high  priest  educator  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  shrine.  He  has  con- 
tributed a  number  of  able  and  distinguished  pupils  to  the  medical 
sciences.  Dr.  Welch  has  contributed  more  than  any  one  man  to 
the  foundation  of  the  great  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School. 

Dr.  William  Osler  (Baltimore)  is  also  a  great  educator  and 
leader  of  men  and  thought.  He  has  also  contributed  to  the  glory 
of  Johns  Hopkins. 

Dr.  Howard  Kelly  (Baltimore)  is  well  known  as  an  operator 
and  teacher.    His  example  and  success  in  gynecology  have  greatly 


36  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

contributed  to  the  advancement  of  gynecology  in  America  and 
make  him  the  standard-bearer  of  gynecology  in  this  Western 
Hemisphere  (if  not  in  both) .  He  has  also  contributed  in  building 
up  the  fame  of  Johns  Hopkins. 

Dr.  William  S.  Thayer  (Baltimore),  Johns  Hopkins:  "First 
Instances  of  Gonorrheal  Endocarditis  in  which  gonococci  were 
obtained  in  the  circulating  blood  during  life  (1896)."  "Descrip- 
tion for  the  First  Time  of  the  Existence  of  the  Third  Heart 
Sound"  (in  collaboration  with  Dr.  MacCallum  (1908).  "The 
Ameboid  Activity  of  Megaloblasts. " 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Byrnes  (Baltimore):  "A  Study  of  the 
Axis-cylinders  in  Five  Cases  of  Glioma  Cerebri. "  This  is  the 
first  piece  of  work  in  which  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  the 
not  infrequent  absence  of  clinical  symptoms  in  even  large 
cerebral  tumors  of  this  type  can  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact, 
that  although  the  myelin  sheath  may  be  destroyed,  numerous 
healthy  axis-cylinders  can  be  observed  passing  uninterruptedly 
through  the  midst  of  a  large  gliomatous  mass.  My  contribution 
has  been  referred  to  by  Sir  William  Osier  in  his  System  of  Medicine, 
vol.  vii,  first  edition.  "The  Intradural  Administration  of 
Mercurialized  Serum  in  the  Treatment  of  Cerebrospinal  Syphilis." 
Although  mercury  has  been  previously  used  intradurally,  this  is 
the  first  paper  in  which  this  particular  form  of  mercury  ad- 
ministered in  serum  has  been  recorded.  In  other  words  a  new 
method  of  administration  has  been  introduced. 

Dr.  Harvey  Cushing  (Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins)  has  done 
much  original  work  in  experimental  physiology,  pathology  >  and 
surgery  such  as  the  experimental  production  of  gall-stones, 
experimental  production  of  valvular  heart  lesions  in  the  dog, 
successful  treatment  of  paralysis  of  the  face  in  man  by  anas- 
tomosis of  the  spinal  accessory  and  facial  nerves.  He  has  intro- 
duced nerve-blocking,  a  special  suture,  lumbar  drainage  in  hydro- 
cephalus, crow-bar  incision  in  opening  the  base  of  the  brain. 
He  has  developed  decompression  operation,  particularly  in  intra- 
cranial hemorrhages  in  the  newborn  and  inaccessible  tumors. 
He  has  thrown  much  light  on  the  physiological  actions  of  the 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       37 

pituitary  body  by  experiments  and  by  the  general  consideration 
of  its  disorders  as  "dyspituitarism." 

Dr.  Thomas  S.  Cullen  (Baltimore)  discovered  the  true 
source  of  adenomyomata  in  the  Miillerian  organ.  He  also  made 
the  fullest  investigation  of  fibroid  tumors,  hydrosalpinx,  and 
omental  disease. 

Dr.  Llewellys  F.  Barker  (Baltimore)  described,  in  1896,  a 
unique  case  of  circumscribed  unilateral  and  elective  sensory 
paralysis;  also  eye  signs  in  nephritis;  work  in  pharmacodynamics; 
new  book  on  Diagnosis. 

Dr.  Wm.  G.  MacCallum  (Baltimore)  and  E.  L.  Opie  (1897) 
demonstrated  the  sexual  conjugation  in  malarial  parasites. 

Dr.  J.  M.  T.  Finney  (Baltimore)  has  contributed  consider- 
ably to  the  foundation  of  the  American  College  of  Surgeons,  of 
which  he  is  the  first  distinguished  and  efficient  President. 

Dr.  William  H.  Howell  (Baltimore)  wrote  the  best  treatise 
on  physiology  and  did  important  work  on  the  life  history  of 
blood  corpuscles  (1890)  and  on  antithrombia  and  thromboplastia 
(1911). 

Professor  John  J.  Abel  (Baltimore,  Johns  Hopkins):  1892, 
discovered  that  carbamates  are  present  in  the  urine  of  children, 
as  well  as  in  that  of  dogs,  after  the  administration  of  lime  water 
in  excess.  1894,  discovered  that  ethyl  sulphide,  (C2H5)2S,  is  a 
normal  constituent  of  dog's  urine.  1896,  was  the  first  to  isolate 
the  dark  pigments  of  the  negro's  skin  and  hair  and  to  make  chem- 
ical analysis  of  these  substances.  1897-1905,  in  1897,  assisted 
by  Dr.  A.  C.  Crawford,  Professor  Abel  described  his  method  of 
isolating  the  active  principles  of  the  suprarenal  capsules.  He 
was  the  first  to  isolate  this  principle  in  the  form  of  monobenzoyl 
salts.  1907,  assisted  by  W.  W.  Ford,  Professor  Abel  demon- 
strated that  the  hemolytic  constituent  of  the  poisonous  fungus, 
Amanita  phalloides,  is  a  very  unstable  glucoside  and  not  toxal- 
bumin,  as  Kobert  and  others  had  supposed.  1909,  with  L.  G. 
Rowntree,  the  pharmacological  properties  of  a  number  of  sub- 
stituted phthaleins,  notably  phenolsulphonephthalein  and  tetra- 
chlorphenolphthalein ,  were  first    carefully  investigated.     1910, 


3b  EDMOND    SOUCHOX 

discovered  and  first  prepared  the  compound,  ethyl  antimony 
thioglycocollate.  1910.  discoA*ered  that  acid  fuchsin  causes 
"late"  convulsions  in  frogs  and  that  removal  of  the  anterior 
third  of  the  brain  greatly  increases  the  toxicity  of  the  drug  for 
these  animals.  191 1,  discovered  that  epinephrin  is  a  constituent 
of  the  venomous  secretion  of  the  skin  glands  of  the  giant  tropi- 
cal toad.  Bufo  agua.  1912-1913,  devised  the  process  known  as 
"vivi diffusion."  Essentially  the  process  consists  in  passing  the 
blood  which  has  been  made  inoculable  (by  injection  of  hirudin) 
from  a,  cannula  connected  to  an  artery  or  a  vein  through  a 
series  of  tubes  made  of  celloidin  or  other  suitable  or  artificial 
serum  and  back  by  another  cannula  into  a  vein  of  the  same 
animal.  1914,  plasmapheresis:  reflecting  on  the  drawbacks  of 
venesection,  which  limits  the  use  of  this  procedure  in  practical 
medicine.  Professor  Abel  conceived  the  idea  that  the  main  objec- 
tions to  blood-letting  could  be  obviated  by  the  speedy  return 
into  the  body  of  the  red  and  white  corpuscles  instead  of  throw- 
ing them  away  as  has  hitherto  been  the  custom.  Evidently  the 
only  thing  that  could  be  removed  from  the  blood  of  a  person 
bled  in  this  way  would  be  its  fluid  part — the  plasma. 

Drs.  L.  G.  Rowntree  and  Geraghty:  Phenophthalein  test 
in  renal  disease. 

Dr.  Thomas  C.  Gilchrist  (Baltimore)  first  described  blas- 
tomycosis (1896). 

The  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  is  one  of  the  greatest  contri- 
butions of  its  kind  in  America. 

The  Johns  Hopklns  School  of  Medicine  was  the  first  to 
have  whole-time  professors  for  the  clinical  branches. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

Dr.  John  Warren  (Boston),  1 753-1 81 5,  was  the  first  to  ampu- 
tate at  the  shoulder- joint  (1781)  and  to  excise  the  parotid  gland 
(1804).    He  founded  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 

Dr.  James  Jackson,  Sr.  (Boston),  1777,  published  one  of 
the  earliest  accounts  of  alcoholic  nephritis  which  he  described 
as  arthrodynia  a  potu  (1822). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       39 

Dr.  John  Collins  Warren  (Boston),  1 778-1856,  the  founder 
of  the  Warren  Museum.  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to 
remove  a  large  fibroid  polypus  from  the  base  of  the  cranium 
through  the  hard  and  soft  palates.  He  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  perform  staphylorraphy  (1828).  He  was  the  first 
in  the  world  to  perform  paracentesis.  He  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  excise  the  hyoid  bone  (1804),  to  perform  osteoclasis, 
to  excise  the  head  of  the  humerus,  and  external  urethrotomy. 
He  was  in  his  sixty-ninth  year  when  he  first  operated  under 
ether  in  1846,  administered  by  Morton.  He  first  excised  the 
elbow-joint  (1834).  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  operate 
for  strangulated  hernia. 

Dr.  N.  C.  Keep  (Boston)  first  used  chloroform  in  childbed 
in  this  country.  Dr.  Channing  (1 786-1876)  followed  him  by 
one  month. 

Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow  (Boston),  1 787-1879,  was  one  of  the  first 
to  describe  that  self-limitation  is  a  law  that  governs  many  dis- 
eases (1835).     First  described  paraphyblum. 

Dr.  John  Ware  (Boston),  1 795-1864,  was  one  of  the  first  to 
recognize  the  characteristics  of  croup  by  the  presence  of  a  false 
membrane  in  the  air  passages  (1842).  He  first  proved  that  the 
expectant  treatment  is  the  best  for  delirium  tremens  (183 1); 
•  that  it  is  a  self- limited  disease. 

Dr.  John  D.  Fischer  (Boston),  1 797-1850,  invented  the 
cystoscope. 

Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (Boston),  1809-1894,  was  the 
first  to  discover  the  cause  and  spread  of  puerperal  fever  (1843), 
not  Semmelweiss.  He  was  the  first  American  physician  to  write 
a  novel.    He  contributed  the  words  anesthesia  and  anesthetic. 

Dr.  James  Jackson,  Jr.  (Boston),  1810-34,  first  described  the 
prolonged  expiratory  sound  as  an  important  diagnostic  sign  of 
incipient  phthisis  (1833). 

Dr.  Morrill  Wyman  (Cambridge),  181 2-1903,  was  the  first 
to  tap  the  chest  with  a  trocar  and  cannula  with  a  suction  pump 
attached.  He  observed  that  the  only  treatment  of  hay  fever  is 
to  go  to  a  place  free  from  it. 


4-0  EDMOND   SOUCHON 

Dr.  Horace  Wells  (Boston),  1815-1848,  was  a  dentist.  He 
had  a  tooth  drawn  under  anesthesia  by  Dr.  Riggs  when  he  lived 
in  Hartford,  where  he  was  born.  He  was  the  first  to  use  nitrous 
oxide  for  extracting  teeth,  but  with  irregular  success  because  he 
did  not  use  a  sufficient  volume  of  gas  (Bigelow). 

Dr.  Charles  Jackson,  18 15-1848,  suggested  to  Morton  to 
use  ether  instead  of  nitrous  oxide.  He  was  a  chemist.  Wells 
and  Morton  boarded  at  his  house. 

Dr.  Wm.  F.  Morton  (Boston),  1819-1868,  was  a  dentist.  He 
was  the  first  who  used  ether  for  a  surgical  operation  performed 
by  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  in  1846.  The  case  of  Morton  was  the  first  public  case 
and  the  first  published.  It  was  given  world-wide  notoriety  by 
Bigelow,  Holmes  and  Warren. 

Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  1818-1890,  first  demonstrated  the 
importance  of  a  Y-ligament  in  the  reduction  of  dislocation  of 
the  hip-joint  (1869).  He  introduced  the  operation  of  litho- 
lapaxy  (1878).  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  excise  the 
hip-joint  (1852). 

Dr.  Henry  P.  Bowditch  (Boston),  1840-1911,  first  investi- 
gated Treppe  in  heart  muscle  (1871);  showed  that  isolated  heart 
apex  will  beat  in  delphine  (1871).  He  first  demonstrated  the 
indefatigability  of  nerves  (1890),  which  idea  led  in  time  to 
the  anesthetic  blocking  of  nerves.  He  was  the  first  to  perform 
thoracentesis  in  America. 

Dr.  Jonathan  Wright  (Boston),  in  1847,  first  treated  aneu- 
rysm by  compression. 

Dr.  Franklin  H.  Hooper  (Boston),  1850-1892,  contributed 
valuable  experiments  on  the  innervation  of  the  larynx,  with 
special  reference  to  the  functions  of  the  recurrent  laryngeal 
nerve.  He  introduced  in  America  the  McKenzie  method  of 
removing  hypertrophied  adenoids  from  the  pharynx  under 
general  anesthesia. 

Dr.  Charles  S.  Minot  (Boston),  1852-1914,  published  a 
treatise  on  Human  Embryology,  which  introduces  many  novel 
theories.    He  invented  two  different  kinds  of  automatic  micro- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OT  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       41 

tomes.  He  made  original  investigation  on  the  origin  and  struc- 
ture of  the  placenta.  His  Age,  Growth  and  Death  state  the  law  of 
cytomorphism,  in  virtue  of  which  these  processes  result  from  the 
steady  change  of  protoplasm  into  more  highly  differentiated  forms. 

Dr.  Humphrey  David  Storer  (Boston),  (1832),  first  removed 
the  uterus  for  fibroids. 

Dr.  James  Lloyd  (Boston)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was  the  first 
to  systematically  begin  the  practice  of  midwifery. 

Dr.  J.  P.  Maynard  (Boston)  (deceased,  no  dates)  introduced 
collodion  as  a  surgical  dressing. 

Dr.  Henry  O.  Marcy  (Boston)  introduced  Listerism  in 
America.  Devised  buried  absorbable  animal  suture.  Has  con- 
tributed considerably  and  efficiently  to  the  cure  of  hernia.  Was 
the  first  surgeon  in  America  to  deliberately  operate  for  biliary 
obstruction.  He  introduced  antiseptic  ligation  in  the  radical 
cure  of  hernia  (1878).  He  wrote  important  treatises  on  hernia 
and  the  surgery  of  the  perineum.  He  probably  antedated  all 
others  in  the  use  of  modern  successful  methods  in  the  cure  of 
reducible  hernia. 

Dr.  Theobald  Smith  (Boston)  has  been  one  of  the  pioneers 
in  the  theory  of  infectious  diseases.  He  demonstrated,  in  1886, 
with  Dr.  E.  Salmon  that  immunity  from  hog  cholera  could  be 
secured  by  injection  of  the  filtered  products  of  the  specific  organ- 
ism. This  was  the  first  experiment  in  immunization.  He  and 
Dr.  F.  L.  Kilborne  discovered  the  parasite  of  tick  fever  (1893). 
He  demonstrated  anaphylaxis  from  the  bacterial  products  of 
diphtheria  prior  to  1903,  a  discovery  which  Dr.  Ehrlich  called 
the  Theobald  Smith  phenomenon.  First  made  clear  differentia- 
tion between  bovine  and  human  types  of  tubercle  bacilli  in  1898. 
He  was  the  first  to  make  the  discovery  of  pleomorphism  in  bacteria. 

Dr.  W.  T.  Councilman  (Boston) :  The  work  on  Malaria  was 
pioneer  work  in  this  country.  "The  First  Recognition  of  the 
Cerebral  Changes  in  Pernicious  Malarial  Fever."  "The  Subse- 
quent Descriptions  of  Organisms  was  Secondary  to  the  French 
and  Italian  Work."  "Arteriosclerosis:  The  Recognition  of  this 
Condition  as  a  Disease  Affecting  all  Tissues."    "Amebic  Dysen- 


42  EDMOND    SOTJCHON 

tery:  the  first  description  of  this  as  a  specific  disease  with 
the  differentiation  from  other  forms  (1890-91)."  "Recognition 
of  Acute  Interstitial  Non-suppurative  Nephritis  as  a  Definite 
Type  of  Renal  Disease."  "Study  of  Diphtheria:  Some  Anatom- 
ical Lesions  not  Hitherto  Described."  "Relations  of  Organisms 
to  Lesions  More  Closely  Studied."  "Cerebrospinal  Meningitis. 
Study  of  Epidemic  in  Boston,"  published  by  State  Board  of 
Health.  "The  First  Thorough  Study  of  Disease,  with  Refer- 
ence to  Action  of  Organism,  etc."  "  Small-pox  Studies.  Lesions; 
Relation  of  Vaccinia  Variola  Inoculata  and  Variola  Vera ;  descrip- 
tion of  Supposed  Organism,  with  Numerous  Co-workers." 

Dr.  R.  C.  Cabot  (Boston)  is  the  originator  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  autopsy  sheets  sent  to  physicians  who 
apply  for  them. 

Dr.  Reed  Hunt  (Boston) :  There  are  two  types  of  reflex  fall 
of  blood-pressure:  one  probably  due  to  an  inhibition  of  the 
vasoconstrictor  center  and  another  to  a  stimulation  of  vaso- 
dilator centers.  Showed  that,  contrary  to  the  prevailing  views 
at  that  time,  the  accelerator  nerves  to  the  heart  are  in  a  condi- 
tion of  tonic  activity,  and  that  this  is  an  important  factor  in 
maintaining  the  normal  heart  rate;  that  the  accelerator  and  inhib- 
itory nerves  are  true  antagonists;  that  the  most  important  fac- 
tor in  reflex  acceleration  of  the  heart,  and  probably  in  many 
other  forms  of  rapid  heart  action,  is  a  diminution  of  the  tonic 
activity  of  the  cardio-inhibitory  nerves.  Isolated  cholin  from 
the  suprarenal  gland  and  showed  that  it  is  the  cause  of  the  fall 
of  blood-pressure  caused  by  the  injection  of  extracts  of  this 
gland  (after  removal  of  the  epinephrin) . 

Dr.  W.  B.  Cannon  (Boston)  says  that  the  method  of  observ- 
ing the  movements  of  the  stomach  and  intestines  by  means  of 
#-rays,  after  a  meal  containing  bismuth  salt  had  been  given  was 
first  employed  in  the  laboratory  of  physiology  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  (1898). 

Dr.  E.  Cutter  and  Mr.  G.  B.  Clark  (Cambridge)  devised 
a  laryngoscope  with  two  tubes,  one  for  observation  and  the  other 
for  illumination. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       43 

Dr.  E.  E.  Foster  (New  Bedford)  was  the  first,  so  far  as  I 
know,  to  confirm,  by  intranasal  measurements,  the  statement 
often  made  by  orthodontists,  that  widening  of  the  palatal  arch 
widens  the  nasal  cavities. 

Drs.  Bradford  H.  Osgood,  J.  E.  Goldthwaite,  Edville 
G.  Abbott  and  Robert  W.  Lovett  have  done  fine  orthopedic 
work. 

The  Warren  Museum  of  Anatomy  was  the  first*  museum 
of  the  kind  founded  in  America. 

Boston  has  contributed  the  finest  medical  buildings  in  the 
world,  those  of  the  Harvard  School  of  Medicine. 

MICHIGAN 

Dr.  Henry  S.  Cheever  (Ann  Arbor),  183 7-1 877.  His  grad- 
uation thesis  on  "Catalysis"  was  based  on  his  own  experiments 
and  brought  out  points  not  previously  made. 

Dr.  F.  G.  Novy  (Ann  Arbor)  discovered  trypanosome  of 
American  variety  of  relapsing  fever  (1907). 

MINNESOTA 

Dr.  William  J.  Mayo  (Rochester) :  "  Complete  Section  of  the 
Vas  Deferens:  End-to-end  Union  by  a  Simple  Method,  Which 
Might  Be  Applied  to  a  Divided  Ureter,"  January,  1895.  This 
method  of  union  over  a  thread  is  now  generally  practised. 
"Further  Experience  with  the  Vertical  Overlapping  Operation 
for  the  Radical  Cure  of  Umbilical  Hernia,"  July,  1903.  This 
method  is  generally  accepted  at  the  present  time  for  the  radi- 
cal cure  of  umbilical  hernia.  "The  Ileocecal  Orifice  and  its 
Bearing  on  Chronic  Constipation,  with  Report  of  Two  Cases 
Relieved  by  Operation,"  March,  1900.  Introduced  the  subject 
of  intestinal  stasis.  "Some  Observations  on  the  Surgery  of  the 
Common  Duct  of  the  Liver,"  April,  1904.  Originated  cholecys- 
tectomy from  below  up,  the  method  now  generally  practised. 
"Acquired  Diverticulitis  of  the  Large  Intestines"  (W.  J.  Mayo, 
L.  B.  Wilson  and  H.  Z.  Giffin),  July,  1907.     Introduces  this 


44  EDMOXD    SOUCHON 

important  disease.  Greatest  credit  due  to  Wilson,  who  readily 
discovered  the  pathology  in  excised  specimens  of  tumors  of  sig- 
moid. "  Contributions  of  Surgery  to  a  Better  Understanding 
of  Gastric  and  Duodenal  Ulcers,"  May,  1907.  Introduces 
pyloric  vessels  in  relation  to  the  location  of  the  pylorus.  Impor- 
tant in  relation  to  differentiating  ulcers  of  the  stomach  and  duo- 
denum. "Anemic  Spot  on  the  Duodenum  Which  May  be  Mis- 
taken for  Ulcer,"  June,  1908.  "A  Review  of  500  Cases  of  Gastro- 
enterostomy, Including  Pyloroplasty,  Gastroduodenostomy,  and 
Gastrojejunostomy/'  July,  1905.  Introduces  technic  of  gastro- 
enterostomy, no-loop  method  to  left.  "Method  of  Anastomosis 
between  Sigmoid  and  Rectum,"  October,  1909.  "The  Radical 
Operation  for  the  Relief  of  Cancer  of  the  Rectum  and  Recto- 
sigmoid," May,  191 2.  Tube  method  of  union  following  resec- 
tion. Generally  adopted  method.  "The  Fatty  Fascial  Flap  in 
Plastic  and  Other  Operations  on  the  Pelvis  of  the  Kidney," 
April,  1910.  Very  important  and  now  accepted.  "Gastro- 
jejunal  Ulcers  (Pseudojejunal  Ulcers),"  March,  191 1.  Impor- 
tant in  connection  with  the  cause  of  recurrence  of  ulcer  symptoms 
after  gastroenterostomy  and  showing  the  suture  ulcer  defect  of 
the  operation  and  the  necessity  of  discontinuing  the  continuous 
silk  or  linen  suture  for  the  interrupted  suture.  "  Transgastric 
Excision  of  Calloused  Ulcer  of  the  Posterior  Wall  of  the  Body 
of  the  Stomach,"  December,  1910.  Generally  adopted.  "Supra- 
pubic Transcystic  Removal  of  Calculi  Impacted  in  the  Portion 
of  the  Ureter  Which  is  Situated  in  the  Wrall  of  the  Bladder," 
June,  191 1.  "The  Incision  for  Lumbar  Exposure  of  the  Kid- 
ney," January,  191 2.  Generally  adopted.  "  Nephrectomy  with- 
out Drainage  for  Tuberculous  Kidney,"  November,  191 2. 
''Pathological  Data  Obtained  from  Ulcers  Excised  from  the 
Anterior  Wall  of  the  Duodenum,"  May,  1913.  Showing  the 
nature  of  the  duodenal  lesion.  "Accidental  Injuries  to  the 
Descending  Portion  of  the  Duodenum  during  Removal  of  the 
Right  Kidney,"  January,  1914.  "Localized  Tuberculosis  of  the 
Intestine;  Report  of  Seven  Cases  Operated  on,"  February, 
1899.     Attributes   surgical   tuberculosis  to  cow's   milk.     "Sur- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       45 

gical  Tuberculosis  in  the  Abdominal  Cavity,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Tuberculous  Peritonitis,"  April,  1905.  Demonstrating 
the  Fallopian  tubes  as  being  the  most  frequent  cause  of  tuber- 
culous peritonitis  in  women.  "Study  of  534  Operations  upon 
the  Gall-bladder  and  Bile  Passages,  with  Tabulated  Report  of 
547  Operated  Cases,"  May,  1903.  Contributing  to  the  progress 
of  surgery  of  the  gall-bladder  and  bile  ducts.  "Some  Observa- 
tions on  Cases  Involving  Operative  Loss  of  Continuity  of  the 
Common  Bile  Duct  with  the  Report  of  a 'Case  of  Anastomosis 
between  the  Hepatic  Duct  and  the  Duodenum,"  July,  1905. 
First  Report  of  successful  anastomosis  of  hepatic  duct  of  duo- 
denum. "Radical  Operations  for  the  Cure -of  Cancer  of  the 
Pyloric  End  of  the  Stomach,"  March,  1904.  Introduction  of  a 
modern  technic  for  the  radical  operation.  "Duodenal  Ulcer: 
A  Clinical  Review  of  58  Operated  Cases,  with  some  Remarks 
on  Gastrojejunostomy,"  December,  1904.  Demonstrating  the 
frequency  of  duodenal  ulcer  and  introduction  of  the  subject  of 
chronic  duodenal  ulcer.  "Chronic  Ulcer  of  the  Stomach  and 
First  Portion  of  the  Duodenum,  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Surgical  Treatment,"  July,  1905.  "The  Surgical  Treatment  of 
Gastric  and  Duodenal  Ulcer  and  its  Results,"  June,  1906.  "A 
Study  of  Gastric  and  Duodenal  Ulcers,  with  Special  Reference 
to  Their  Surgical  Cure,"  June,  1908.  Introduces  the  whole 
question  of  the  now  accepted  surgical  understanding  of  chronic 
peptic  ulcer.  "Surgery  of  the  Large  Intestine,  with  a  Review 
of  100  Resections,"  July,  1909.  Technic  of  resection  of  colon. 
Important  as  contributing  to  ease  and  safety  of  these  operations. 
"Resection  of  the  First  Portion  of  the  Large  Intestine  and  the 
Resulting  Effect  on  its  Function,"  June,  1914.  "Mesocolic  or 
Retrogastric  Hernia,"  April,  1909.  "Surgical  Treatment  of  Pro- 
lapse of  the  Uterus  and  Walls  of  the  Vagina,"  October,  191 2. 
Vaginopelvic  fixation  for  prolapsus  uteri. 

The  Mayo  Brothers  have  contributed  the  Mayo  Clinic  Founda- 
tion, a  unique  instance. 

Dr.  Charles  H.  Mayo  (Rochester,  Minn.).  (1)  "Septic 
Diseases  of  Knee-joint;  Open  Treatment  by  Division  of  Patella, 


46  EDAIOXD    SOUCHOX 

Resuturing  and  Securing  Motion."  (2)  "Varicose  Veins  of  the 
Lower  Extremity;  Subcutaneous  Stripping;  Special  Instru- 
ments." (3)  "Heat  in  Surgery;  Methods  of  Puncture  of  Nevi 
and  Treatment  of  Cauliflower  Cancer  of  the  Uterus."  (4) 
"Hypospadias;  Making  Xew  Urethra  from  Prepuce,  Tunneling 
Method."  (5)  "The  Technic  of  Shortening  the  Round  Liga- 
ments; Shortening  Round  Ligaments,  Combined  External  and 
Internal  Method."  (6)  "Peripheral  Versus  Intracranial  Opera- 
tions for  Tic  Douloureux;  Plugging  of  Foramen  with  Silver 
Screw  or  Lead  Plug.  External  Operations."  (7)  "Treatment  of 
the  Posterior  Capsule  of  the  Gland  in  Thyroidectomy;  Based  on 
374  Operations  for  Goitre;  Benefits  of  Preservation  of  Posterior 
Capsule  of  Thyroid."  (8)  "Transperitoneal  Removal  of  Tumors 
of  the  Bladder;  Transperitoneal  Removal,  Obvious  Benefits  of 
Method  for  Radical  Procedures."  (9)  "The  Surgical  Treatment 
of  Bunion;  Bunion  Bursa  Turned  Over  Cut  Surfaces  of  Bone. 
Preserving  Motion."  (10)  "Diagnosis  and  Surgical  Treatment 
of  Esophageal  Diverticula;  Two-stage  Method  of  Removal  of 
Large  Esophageal  Diverticulum."  (n)  " Extirpation  of  Tumors 
of  Vomer  through  the  Roof  of  the  Mouth;  Method  of  Approach 
Tumors  of  the  Vomer  through  Hard  Palate,  with  Preservation 
of  Soft  Palate."  (12)  "Factors  of  Safety  in  Intestinal  Surgery; 
Methods  of  Suture,  Provision  for  Temporary  Secondary  Gas 
Drainage."  (13)  "  Cholecystitis  and  the  Factors  that  Control 
Results  of  Operation;  Transplanting  of  Fat  to  Prevent  Adhe- 
sions of  Stomach  and  Bowel  to  Liver."  (14)  "The  Preparation 
of  Dry  Bony  Areas  for  Skin  Grafting;  Production  of  Granula- 
tions through  Multiple  Drill  Holes  through  Outer  Plate  into 
Diploe."  (15)  "Uterine  Prolapse  with  Associated  Pelvic  Relaxa- 
tion; Method  of  Building  Pelvic  Floor  from  United  Broad 
Ligaments  so  Sutured  as  to  Support  Bladder."  (16)  "Errors 
in  Anatomical  Development,  their  Cause  and  Surgical  Signifi- 
cance: Xew  Deductions  as  to  Causation." 

Dr.  J.  P.  Sedgwitch  (Minneapolis) :  The  study  of  von  Graefe's 
sign  in  myotonia  congenita  is  the  only  report  that  I  know  of 
familial  appearance  in  this  disease.     "The  Study  of  Creatinin 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       47 

and  Creatin  Metabolism  in  Children"  contains  first  analysis  of 
the  creatinin  and  creatin  excretion  for  the  first  week  of  life  and 
contains  the  first  statement  in  regard  to  the  high  creatinin  and 
creatin  exertion  in  recurrent  vomiting.  The  study  on  "Rela- 
tionship of  Gastric  to  Pancreatic  Fat  Digestion  in  Infants"  is, 
as  far  as  I  am  able  to  find,  the  first  and  only  discussion  that 
has  been  made  of  that  subject,  except  that  by  Davidson,  which 
appeared  two  years  later  in  the  Zeitschrift  f.  Kinderheilkunde 
and  was  carried  on  by  physical  chemistry  methods.  "The 
Study  of  Recurrent  or  Periodical  Vomiting"  contains  confirma- 
tory analysis  of  my  earlier  work,  and  puts  forth  a  new  view  in 
the  relation  of  adenoids  to  recurrent  vomiting.  The  study  on 
"Maternal  Feeding"  presents  the  results  from  the  reports  of 
3000  physicians.  It  is  the  only  paper  discussing  this  matter 
from  this  stand-point  in  English,  and,  I  believe,  the  only  study 
of  this  character,  except  a  very  short  study  by  Rietschel,  of  a 
few  children  of  German  pediatrists.  "The  Complement-Fixa- 
tion Reaction  of  the  Blood  of  Children  and  Infants,  Using  the 
Bacillus  Abortus  as  Antigen,"  is,  I  believe,  the  only  study  that 
has  been  made  upon  the  subject  as  yet.  The  work  on  Spas- 
mophilia, with  Special  Reference  to  Familial  Reactions  and 
Repeated  Absences,  contains  a  new  and  original  study  of  that 
subject. 

Dr.  Oscar  Breitenbach  (Frazee,  Minn.):  Winter  cholera 
has  no  specific  bacteriological  pathology,  and  is  a  synonym  in 
nature  occurring  in  cold  weather.  Meteorological  conditions  do 
not  prove  to  be  the  exciting  cause  in  these  epidemics. 

MISSISSIPPI 

Dr.  J.  M.  White  (Meridian),  "New  Operation  for  Appendi- 
citis." The  point  claimed  as  new  and  never  been  done  before  is 
making  two  flaps  of  these  appendicular  stumps  so  they  can  be 
coapted,  walling  off  the  flaps  with  a  second  fine  through  and 
through  catgut  suture  so  that  the  different  layers  of  tissues  can 
heal  by  first  intention. 


48  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

MISSOURI 

Dr.  Victor  C.  Vaughn  (Mount  Aisez,  Mo.),  185 1,  did  impor- 
tant work  on  ptomains  and  leukomains,  cellular  toxins,  protein 
split  products;  discovered  bacillus  in  poisonous  ice  cream  and 
cheese  (1896). 

Dr.  John  Green  (St.  Louis)  is  the  first  to  find  that  hemetro- 
pia  caused  ocular  or  systemic  disease  (statement  of  Dr.  J.  H. 
Thorpe,  of  Owensberg,  Ky.).  He  introduced  the  test  cards  in 
ophthalmology. 

Dr.  L.  Rosenwald  (Kansas  City)  reported  the  first  case  of 
complete  cleft  of  the  glans  penis. 

Dr.  EcKLESHErMER  and  Schoemacher  (St.  Louis)  are  the 
first  to  publish  a  complete  cross-section  anatomy  (1911). 

NEBRASKA 

Dr.  C.  C.  Johnson  (Creighton)  claims  priority  in  the  advance- 
ment and  execution  of  the  teaching  of  infectious  diseases  and 
sanitation  in  the  public  schools. 

Dr.  Williams  F.  Milvoy  (Omaha)  first  described  persistent 
edema  of  the  legs,  or  Milvoy's  disease  (1892). 

NEW   HAMPSHIRE 

Dr.  Amos  Twitchell,  1 781-1850,  first  ligated  the  common 
carotid  in  continuity  for  secondary  hemorrhage  (1807).  In  1838 
he  removed  successfully  the  arm  and  the  clavicle  for  malignant 
disease.  In  1840  he  had  diagnosed  and  operated  upon  3  cases  of 
suppuration  in  the  medullary  canal.  He  performed  several 
ovariotomies  before  McDowell's  case  was  published. 

Dr.  Dixi  Crosby  (Dartmouth),  1801-1873,  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  remove  the  entire  upper  extremity  with  the  clavicle 
and  scapula,  1836.  He  discovered,  the  method  of  reducing 
dislocations  of  the  thumb  and  fingers  by  forced  extension  and 
pressure  upon  the  base  of  the  dislocated  bone. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       49 

NEW   YORK 

Dr.  John  James  (New  York),  17 29-1 791,  was  the  first  to 
perform  lithotomy  in  this  country. 

Dr.  Samuel  Bard  (New  York),  1 742-1 821,  published  the  first 
book  on  midwifery  in  America  (1807). 

Dr.  Richard  Bayley  (New  York),  1745-1801,  first  pointed 
out  the  difference  between  membranous  croup  and  diphtheria. 
He  first  amputated  at  the  shoulder-joint. 

Dr.  John  Bard  (New  York),  in  1759,  first  performed  gastro- 
tomy  in  America  for  removal  of  an  extra-uterine  fetus. 

Dr.  Wright  Post  (New  York),  1 766-1822,  was  the  first  in 
America  to  ligate  the  femoral  successfully  for  popliteal  aneurysm, 
according  to  the  Hunterian  method  (1796),  also  the  first  success- 
fully to  tie  primitive  carotid  in  its  continuity,  for  aneurysm 
(18 1 3),  and  the  subclavian  outside  the  scaleni  (181 2). 

Dr.  John  Stearns  (Saratoga),  17 70-1 848,  more  than  any 
other  called  attention  to  the  use  of  ergot  as  an  oxy toxic. 

Dr.  Samuel  Guthrie  (Sackett's  Harbor),  1 782-1848,  dis- 
covered chloroform  in  this  country  at  the  same  time  that  it  was 
discovered  in  Europe. 

Dr.  John  S.  Dorsey  (New  York),  1783-18 18,  first  tied  the 
external  iliac. 

Dr.*  Valentine  Mott  (New  York),  1785-1865,  was  the  first 
in  the  world  to  ligate  the  innominate  artery  (18 18).  Also  the 
carotid  for  subclavian  aneurysm  (1829).  Also  the  external  iliac 
for  femoral  aneurysm  (183 1).  Also  the  right  subclavian  between 
the  scaleni  (1833).  Also  both  carotids  simultaneously  (1833). 
Also  the  right  internal  iliac  (1837).  He  was  the  first  to  resect 
the  right  side  of  the  lower  jaw  after  tying  the  carotid  artery 
(182 1).  Also  the  first  to  remove  the  left  clavicle  for  sarcoma 
(1828)  and  a  large  fibrous  growth  from  the  nostrils  by  dividing 
the  nasal  and  maxillary  bones  (1841.)  He  was  the  first  to  ligate 
the  common  iliac  for  aneurysm  (1827). 

Dr.  J.  K.  Rodgers  (New  York),  1 793-1851,  was  the  first  to 
wire  for  an  ununited  fracture  of  the  humerus  (1827).    Was  the 


50  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

first  to  tie  the  left  subclavian  artery  inside  the  scaleni  for  aneu- 
rysm (1845).    Also  the  third  portion  of  subclavian. 

Dr.  Willard  Parker  (New  York),  1 800-1 884,  first  performed 
cystotomy  for  inflammation  and  rupture  of  the  bladder.  He  first 
ligated  the  left  subclavian  inside  the  scaleni,  together  with  the 
common  carotid  and  the  vertebral  for  subclavian  aneurysm  in 
1864.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to  ligate  the  left  subclavian 
artery  in  its  third  portion  for  a  brachial  aneurysm.  He  was  the 
first  in  this  country  to  incise  through  the  muscular  walls  of  the 
abdomen  for  perityphylitic  abscess.  He  was  the  first  to  drain 
the  bladder  through  the  perineum  in  cases  of  hypertrophied 
growth.  He  was  the  first  to  excise  the  great  trochanter  in  this 
country.  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  operate  for  strabis- 
mus. His  paper  in  1867  was  the  first  to  compel  the  profession  to 
recognize  the  need  of  operation  for  appendicitis. 

Dr.  S.  Pomeroy  White  (New  York),  1801-1867,  first  ligated 
the  internal  iliac  artery  for  gluteal  aneurysm  (1827). 

Dr.  John  Duptjy  (New  York),  1802-1866,  was  the  first  to 
emphasize  the  importance  of  diseased  conditions  of  the  tonsils. 
He  invented  an  ingenious  tonsillotome.  He  is  one  of  the  first 
to  have  established  laryngology  as  a  distinct  part  of  regular 
medical  practice.  He  first  demonstrated  that  a  foreign  body 
could  be  introduced  into  the  larynx  without  producing  suffo- 
cation. He  first  treated  laryngeal  troubles  with  the  mop  long 
before  the  discovery  of  the  laryngoscope. 

Dr.  Charles  Harris  (New  York),  in  1807,  was  the  first  to 
remove  the  thyroid  gland. 

Dr.  Alonzo  Clark  (New  York),  1807-1887,  introduced  the 
opium  treatment  of  peritonitis. 

Dr.  Gtjrdon  Buck  (New  York),  1807-1877,  was  the  first  to 
introduce  the  well-known  apparatus  for  the  treatment  of  fractures 
of  the  femur,  commonly  known  as  Buck's  extension  apparatus. 
He  was  the  first  to  use  strips  of  adhesive  plaster  to  make  extension 
in  fractures,  with  pulleys  and  weights  (1861).  He  first  ligated 
simultaneously  the  primitive  and  the  internal  carotid.  He  first 
excised  the  olecranon  process  (1842). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        5 1 

Dr.  William  Detmold  (New  York),  1808-1900,  was  the 
first  special  orthopedic  surgeon  in  this  country,  1 808-1 900. 
He  first  perforated  the  ends  of  bones  in  ununited  fractures.  He 
first,  in  1850,  trephined  for  pus  in  the  lateral  ventricle. 

Dr.  Gunnings  S.  Bedford  (New  York),  1808- 18 70,  estab- 
lished the  first  clinic  for  diseases  peculiar  to  women. 

Dr.  James  P'.  White  (Buffalo),  1811-1881,  first  established 
an  obstetric  clinic  in  this  country.  He  was  the  first  to  reduce  by 
taxis  an  inversion  of  the  uterus  of  eight  days'  standing. 

Dr.  Stevens  (New  York),  in  18 12,  first  ligated  the  internal 
iliac  for  aneurysm. 

Dr.  Isaac  E.  Taylor  (New  York),  181 2-1889,  was  tne  nrst 
to  demonstrate  the  non-shortening  of  the  cervix  during  pregnancy, 
in  which  he  anticipated  Miiller,  to  whom  credit  is  generally 
given. 

Dr.  James  R.  Wood  (New  York),  1813-1883,  was  the  first 
to  perform  subperiosteal  resection  of  bone  with  reproduction  of 
the  bone.  Was  the  first  in  America  to  divide  the  masseter 
muscle.  Was  the  first  to  devise  divisions  of  the  peronei  muscles 
in  chronic  dislocations  of  the  tendon.  Was  the  first  to  treat 
acute  and  chronic  knee  inflammation  by  division  of  the  ham- 
string and  tendon  Achilles. 

Dr.  Henry  M.  Onderdank  (New  York),  18 13,  was  the  first 
to  ligate  the  femoral  artery  for  violent  inflammation  of  the  lower 
extremity. 

Dr.  Frank  A.  Hamilton  (Buffalo)  was  the  first  to  publish 
(i860)  in  America  a  complete  treatise  on  Fractures  and  Dis- 
locations, which  has  been  translated  into  French  and  German 
and  has  passed  through  seven  English  editions.  In  1854  he 
first  used  skin-grafting  to  cure  ulcers. 

Dr.  Edmund  R.  Peaslee  (New  York),  1814-1878,  was  the 
first  to  introduce  a  catheter  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  through 
Douglas's  cul-de-sac  to  wash  it  out  in  cases  of  septicemia  following 
ovariotomy. 

Dr.  John  Murray  Carnochan  (New  York),  181 7-1887, 
first  ligated  the  carotid  on  both  sides  for  elephantiasis  (1867). 


52  EDMOND   SOUCHON 

He  was  also  the  first  to  resect  the  superior  maxillary  nerve  with 
Meckel's  ganglia  for  neuralgia  (1858).  He  was  the  first  to  cure 
a  case  of  ankylosis  of  the  lower  jaw  by  subcutaneously  dividing 
the  masse ter.  He  was  the  first  to  excise  the  ulna  (1853),  the 
radius  (1854),  the  os  calcis   (1857). 

Dr.  William  H.  Van  Buren  (New  York),  18 19-1883,  first 
excised  a  portion  of  each  vas  deferens  as  a  substitute  for  castra- 
tion in   cases  of  onanism. 

Dr.  Lewis  A.  Sayee  (New  York),  1820-1900.  He  was  the 
father  of  American  orthopedics.  He  filled  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  the  first  chair  of  orthopedics  created 
in  this  country.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to  perform  without 
any  resultant  deformity  the  operation  for  morbus  coxarius. 
He  contributed  an  illustrated  treatise  on  Spinal  Diseases  and 
Spinal  Curvature.  He  devised  the  plaster  jacket  for  Pott's 
disease,  1877.  He  wrote  a  Practical  Manual  on  Club-foot  (1869), 
which  passed  through  many  editions  and  was  translated  into 
several  languages,  including  Japanese. 

Dr.  Beriah  A.  Watson  (New  York),  1836-1892,  published  an 
"Experimental  Study  of  Lesions  Arising  from  Severe  Con- 
cussions." 

Dr.  Watson  (New  York),  in  1847,  nrst  ligated  the  internal 
iliac  for  gluteal  aneurysm. 

Dr.  Abraham  Jacobi  (New  York)  is  the  founder  of  American 
Pediatrics. 

Dr.  Edward  C.  Loring  (New  York),  183 7-1 888,  invented  an 
ophthalmoscope  which  is  the  most  convenient  and  widely  used. 

Dr.  Alexander  J.  C.  Skene  (Brooklyn),  1837-1900,  described 
the  para-urethral  gland  known  as  Skene's  gland  (1880). 

Dr.  Joseph  O'Dwyer  (New  York),  1 841-1898,  perfected  intu- 
bation in  place  of  tracheotomy.  The  Fell-O'Dwyer  apparatus 
was  probably  the  first  means  ever  used  for  inflating  the  lungs. 
He  demonstrated  that  a  tube  could  be  retained  continuously  in 
the  larynx  without  removal  for  months  and  even  years. 

Dr.  Henry  G.  Plffard  (New  York),  1 842-1890,  wrote  the  first 
systematic  treatise  on  dermatology  in  America  (1876). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       53 

Dr.  Charles  McBurney  (New  York),  1 845-1 893,  contri- 
buted considerably  to  the  treatment  of  hernia  (1878)  and 
appendicitis.  He  discovered  McBurney's  point  in  appendicitis 
(1889).  He  devised  the  use  of  hooks  for  the  reduction  of  dis- 
located fractured  heads  of  the  humerus. 

Dr.  George  R.  Fowler  (New  York)  performed  decortication 
of  the  lung  as  a  means  of  treating  old  cases  of  empyema,  with 
thickened  pleura,  long  before  Delorme  (1893). 

Dr.  Wm.  T.  Bull  (New  York),  1849-1909,  contributed 
considerably  to  the  performance  of  laparotomy  in  cases  of  gun- 
shot wounds  of  the  abdomen. 

Dr.  Alonzo  B.  Richardson  (New  York),  1852-1903,  was 
among  the  foremost  of  those  who  have  led  in  the  notable 
ameliorations  and  improvements  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane. 

Dr.  George  M.  Edebohls  (New  York),  1853-1908,  first 
practised  suspension  of  the  kidney  and  decapsulation  of  the 
kidney  in  inflammatory  affections  (1901). 

Dr.  Augustus  P.  Dudley  (New  York),  1853-1905:  Con- 
servative treatment  of  the  uterine  appendages. 

Dr.  Wood  (New  York)  was  the  first  to  remove  the  upper 
maxilla. 

Dr.  Frank  Hartley  (New  York),  1 856-1913,  originated 
intracranial  neurectomy  for  the  second  and  third  divisions  of  the 
fifth  nerve  for  facial  neuralgia. 

Dr.  James  L.  Van  Ingen  (Schenectady).  In  1857  he  was  the 
first  to  practice  elevation  of  the  foot  of  the  bed  for  counter 
extension  in  fractures. 

Dr.  George  Huntington  (Long  Island)  first  described 
hereditary  (Huntington's)  chorea. 

Dr.  George  M.  Beard  (New  York),  in  1868,  first  introduced 
in  America  the  concept  of  neurasthenia  or  nervous  exhaustion. 

Dr.  Fluhrer  (New  York),  1872,  was  the  first  to  use  flexible 
narrow  strips  of  tin  or  zinc  in  the  management  of  fractures.  He 
was  the  first  to  locate  a  pistol-ball  within  the  brain  by  the  use 
of  his  special  probe. 


54  EDMOND    S0UCH0N 

Dr.  Sands  (New  York).  In  1880  he  first  tied  the  primitive 
iliac  for  aneurysm  of  the  left  external  iliac  by  performing  pre- 
liminary laparotomy.  In  1888  he  first  opened  the  abdomen 
with  positive  diagnosis  and  removed  the  appendix  successfully. 

Dr.  Mason  (New  York),  188 1,  was  the  first  to  cure  fractures  of 
the  nasal  bones  by  passing  a  curved  needle  under  the  fragments 
and  elevating  them. 

Dr.  Wm.  W.  Redj  (Rochester),  in  1885,  first  systematically 
reduced  dislocations  by  manipulation  instead  of  main  force. 

Dr.  Bernard  Sachs  (New  York),  in  1887,  described  amaurotic 
family  idiocy. 

Dr.  Newman  (New  York),  in  1888,  devised  an  operation  for 
shortening  the  round  ligaments. 

Dr.  Unterbrldge  (New  York),  1889,  devised  a  speculum 
for  dilatation  of  the  cervix  uteri. 

Dr.  John  Ball  (Brooklyn),  (deceased,  no  dates)  was  the 
first  to  treat  strictures  of  the  uterine  cerv ix  and  forcible  dilatation 
with  instruments. 

Dr.  E.  Carr  (Canandaigua)  first  suggested  that  the  crepitation 
in  pneumonia  is  due  to  the  air  rushing  into  and  distending  the 
bronchial  vesicles  which  had  been  previously  glued  together  by 
tenacious  mucus. 

Dr.  Sabine  (New  York)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was  the  first  to 
build  a  nose  from  the  phalanx. 

Dr.  H.  J.  Knapp  (New  York),  1832-1911,  devised  an  opera- 
tion for  removal  of  tumors  from  the  optic  nerve  without  sacrific- 
ing the  eye.  He  devised  a  hook  to  extract  foreign  matter  from 
the  ball.    He  improved  the  ring  forceps. 

Dr.  Samuel  R.  Perez  (New  York)  (deceased,  no  dates)  first 
demonstrated  that  spermatozoa  could  live  as  long  as  a  week  in 
the  vagina,  1861. 

Dr.  John  G.  Koehler  (New  York?)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was 
the  first  in  this  country  to  perform  synchronous  amputation  of 
both  legs  and  one  arm. 

Dr.  Lafayette  B.  Wendell  (Delhi)  did  important  work 
(with  Osborne)  on  artificial  foods. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       55 

Dr.  Gunning,  of  New  York  (deceased,  no  dates),  and  Dr. 
Bean,  of  Georgia,  simultaneously  invented  the  interdental 
splint.     It  is  thoroughly  American. 

Dr.  Bachelder  (New  York)  (deceased,  no  dates)  introduced 
compressed  sponges. 

Dr.  Gouley  (New  York)  has  contributed  considerably  to  the 
treatment  of  stricture  of  the  urethra  by  introducing  the  whale- 
bone guide,  the  tunneled  catheter  staff,  and  the  beaked  bistoury. 

Dr.  Sass  (New  York)  was  among  the  first  to  introduce  the 
treatment  of  laryngeal  troubles  by  the  spray  method. 

Dr.  Ernest  Krackowiser  (New  York)  was  probably  the 
first  physician  in  America  to  demonstrate  the  vocal  cords. 

Dr.  Wadsworth  (New  York)  invented  the  tilting  mirror  of 
the  ophthalmoscope. 

Dr.  F.  H.  Bosworth  (New  York)  first  discovered  the  impor- 
tance of  excrescences  upon  the  nasal  septum  as  factors  in  causing 
obstruction.  He  devised  a  saw  for  the  removal  of  septal  spurs. 
He  contributed  considerably  to  place  the  science  of  laryngology 
and  rhinology  upon  a  firm  scientific  basis  in  America  and  in 
Europe. 

Dr.  Clinton  Wagner  (New  York)  developed  the  operation 
of  thyrotomy. 

Dr.  Morris  J.  Asch  (New  York)  has  done  valuable  original 
work  in  correcting  the  deformities  of  the  nose. 

Dr.  John  C.  Roe  (Rochester)  has  done  much  original  work 
for  the  relief  of  deformities  of  the  nose. 

Dr.  Rufus  P.  Lincoln  (New  York)  was  a  pioneer  in  the 
removal  of  retropharyngeal  fibromata  through  the  natural 
passages  instead  of  after  extensive  preliminary  operation. 

Dr.  John  R.  French  (Brooklyn)  devised  a  new  and  complete 
method  for  photographing  the  human  larynx. 

Dr.  Thomas  A.  Emmett  (New  York)  is  preeminent  as  the  one 
American  who  placed  the  perineal  operation  for  the  first  time 
upon  a  sound,  rational  basis  by  devising  a  successful  widely  used 
procedure.  In  complete  tear  of  the  perineum  his  work  is  also 
supreme.     He  devised  and  extensively  practised  the  operation 


56  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

of  the  excision  of  the  connective-tissue  in  the  angle  of  a  lacerated 
cervix  associated  with  the  denudation  of  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior lips  and  their  union  by  suture.  Dr.  Emmett  contributed 
considerably  to  the  treatment  of  the  ruptured  vaginal  out-let, 
including  complete  tear  dividing  the  sphincter.  His  principal 
contributions  are  his  papers  on  dysmenorrhea  and  sterility 
resulting  from  anteflexion  of  the  uterus  (1865),  on  the  surgical 
treatment  of  lacerations  of  the  cervix  uteri  (1869-74),  his  papers 
on  vaginal  cystotomy  (1872),  his  monograph  on  vesicovaginal  and 
rectovaginal  fistulae  (1868);  his  plastic  surgery  of  the  perineum 
(1882).    He  devised  an  operation  for  prolapse  of  the  uterus. 

Dr.  E.  Noeggerath  (New  York)  first  reduced  an  inverted 
uterus  by  digital  compression  of  both  horns.  He  was  the  first  to 
state  that  female  pelvic  inflammations  were  due  to  infection  by 
gonococci  transmitted  by  the  male  (1872);  introduced  "episio- 
tomy. " 

Dr.  Frederick  S.  Dennis  (New  York),  1889,  was  the  first 
to  ligate  the  two  internal  iliacs  simultaneously  on  the  same 
subject  for  double  gluteal  aneurysm. 

Dr.  A.  Flint  (New  York)  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  call 
attention  to  the  importance  of  distinguishing  the  variations  of 
pitch  elicited  by  percussion  (1876).  He  was  the  first  to  state 
that  rheumatism  was  a  self -limited  disease. 

Dr.  Austin  Flint  (New  York  City):  In  1857  ne  made 
experiments  showing  that  blood  deficient  in  oxygen  cannot 
circulate  freely  in  the  capillaries.  The  obstruction  is  in  the 
systemic  vessels  and  not  in  the  lungs,  in  cases  of  asphyxiation. 
In  1 86 1  he  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  confirm  the  experi- 
ments of  Magendie  in  1837  showing  that  the  anterior  roots  of  the 
spinal  nerves  possessed  a  slight  sensibility  derived  from  recurrent 
fibers  from  the  posterior  roots.  In  186 1  experiments  on  alligators 
of  large  size  showed  that  the  heart  being  excised  from  the  body 
the  valves  between  the  cavities  having  been  cut  away,  will  beat 
powerfully  with  regular  rhythm;  while  pulsations  are  more 
rapid,  feeble,  and  irregular  when  the  cavities  are  empty.  The 
experiments    on    reproduction   published   in    1861   led  him    to 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       57 

think  that  the  "respiratory  sense"  had  also  origin  in  the  general 
system  and  was  due  to  want  of  oxygen.  In  1862  he  published  his 
article  on  "The  New  Excretory  Function  of  the  Liver,"  which 
received  from  the  Institute  of  France  a  recompense  of  1500 
francs  and  an  honorable  mention.  In  1862  he  described  a  new 
substance  called  stercorin,  which  substance  resulted  from  a 
change  of  the  cholesterin  of  the  bile  in  its  passage  through  the 
small  intestine,  incident  to  the  process  of  intestinal  digestion. 
In  1863  he  published  a  new  method  to  estimate  albumin  and 
fibrin  in  the  blood.  In  1870  he  demonstrated  that  unusual 
muscular  efforts  largely  increase  the  elimination  of  nitrogen 
by  the  kidneys.  He  thinks  he  is  justified  in  claiming  prioritv  in 
the  method  of  investigating  the  influence  of  exercise  upon  the 
excretion  of  nitrogen  by  comparing  the  nitrogen  eliminated  with 
the  nitrogen  of  the  food.  In  1879  he  demonstrated  that  heat 
production  was  due  to  oxidation  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 
Lavoisier  and  Laplace  had  expressed  the  opinion  but  had  not 
demonstrated  it.  He  thinks  he  was  the  first  to  demonstrate 
positively  that  under  conditions,  at  least,  when  oxidation  repre- 
sented by  carbon  dioxide  and  nitrogenous  excretions  is  not 
sufficient  to  supply  the  heat  required,  water  is  produced  in 
the  body.  He  was  the  first  to  insist  on  the  importance 
of  examining  the  urine  in  all  cases  of  application  for  life 
insurance,  which  was  rarely  done  at  the  time  (187 1).  In  1889 
he  had  devised  the  formula  of  a  tonic,  endeavoring  to  make  a 
preparation  containing  the  inorganic  constituents  of  the  blood 
in  about  the  normal  proportions  with  an  excess  of  iron  and 
sodium  chloride.  It  is  called  the  "Saline  Chalybeate  Tonic." 
In  1892  he  was  the  first  to  use  bismuth  subgallate  in  so-called 
functional  dyspepsia  attended  with  gastric  and  intestinal  flatu- 
lence. In  1895  he  published  the  first  case  on  record  of  filaria, 
with  chyle  in  which  methylene  blue  was  employed  with  a  view 
to  destroying  the  parasite.  In  1867  he  was  the  first  to  recom- 
mend dietaries  for  hospitals  and  asylums. 

Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir  (New  York):     "Two  Cases  of  Intra- 
tympanic  Vascular  Tumor  with  Pulsating  Intact  Drum  Mem- 


58  EDMOXD    SOUCHON 

brane."  "Traumatic  Aneurysm  of  the  Vertebral  Artery  Cured 
by  Digital  Compression."  "On  Fatty  and  Sarcomatous  Tumors 
of  the  Knee-joint  Affecting  its  Synovial  Funges."  "Decom- 
pression for  Otherwise  Inoperable  Central  Tumors."  "Gastror- 
rhapy  by  Folding  in  the  Stomach  to  Diminish  the  Size  of  a 
Dilated  Stomach."  For  folds  in  the  synovial  membrane  of  the 
knee-joint,  particularly  on  the  surface  of  the  patella  begetting 
painful  but  temporary  arrest  of  motion  cured  by  opening  joint 
and  cutting  off  the  fold.  "For  Relief  of  Acute  Miliary  Abscesses 
of  the  Kidney  by  Nephrectomy  First  Done  by  Me."  "The 
Replacement  of  a  Depressed  Fracture  of  the  Malar  Bone." 
The  relief  was  accomplished  by  opening  the  antrum  above  the 
canine  tooth  and  by  a  sound  there  introduced  the  depressed 
bone  was  readily  put  in  place.  For  increasing  the  space  required 
for  surgical  work  in  acute  or  chronic  cases  of  appendicitis  it  was 
suggested  by  me  to  enlarge  the  usual  McBurney  operation  by 
cutting  across  to  the  median  line,  the  front  and  rear  layers  of 
the  rectal  sheath  and  the  peritoneum,  the  muscle  itself  being 
drawn  strongly  to  the  left.  This  avoids  nerve  damage.  "On 
an  Improved  Operation  for  Acute  Appendicitis  or  for  Quiescent 
Cases,  with  Complications."  "An  Improved  Method  of  Treat- 
ing High-seated  Cancers  of  the  Rectum  by  Laparotomy,  being 
an  Elaboration  of  the  Operation  Devised  by  Morrison."  The 
new  use  for  the  ureter  appendix  in  the  treatment  of  obstructive 
colitis  showed  how  easily  the  appendix  could  be  drawn  to  and 
extended  at  the  skin  level  and  subsequently  opened  to  furnish 
a  route  to  flush  out  by  medicated  solutions  the  large  bowel. 

Dr.  Robert  T.  Morris  (New  York) :  Description  of  the  exper- 
iments showing  the  mechanism  of  Pott's  fracture  and  of  fracture 
of  the  fibula  by  inversion  of  the  foot.  The  mechanism  of  these 
two  quite  different  fractures  was  compared.  Description  of 
experiments  relating  to  the  anatomy  and  mechanism  of  sub- 
luxation of  the  radius,  and  showed  that  the  condition  depended 
upon  the  orbicular  ligament  slipping  between  the  head  of  the 
radius  and  the  capitellum  of  the  humerus.  I  showed  that  recov- 
ery presumably   occurred   eventually   as   a   result   of   pressure 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       59 

absorption  of  the  interposed  ligament.  The  idea  of  staining 
malignant  tissues  in  situ  by  intravascular  injections  of  staining 
agents  in  the  hope  that  this  might  lead  to  a  destruction  of  neo- 
plastic cells.  My  first  report  upon  the  experiments  was  made 
in  the  Medical  Mirror  in  1891  before  anyone  else  had  made 
the  attempt,  so  far  as  I  know.  This  and  subsequent  attempts 
have  not  been  successful.  They  have  been  of  negative  value  so 
far,  but  introduced  the  idea  before  it  was  out  abroad.  Descrip- 
tion of  experiments  relating  to  the  prevention  of  secondary  peri- 
toneal adhesions  by  means  of  the  aristol  film.  Description  of 
a  method  for  making  a  permanent  suprapubic  fistula  by  means 
of  turning  in  ribbons  of  skin  which  are  fastened  to  the  bladder, 
giving  us  a  permanent  epithehal-lined  canal.  Study  of  experi- 
ments for  the  removal  of  carious  and  necrotic  bones  by  means 
of  preliminary  decalcification  with  hydrochloric  acid  followed  by 
digestion  of  the  decalcified  bone  with  pepsin  solution.  Experi- 
ments upon  rabbits  showing  the  nature  of  repair  of  the  wound 
after  abdominal  operations.  Report  upon  malignant  disease  of 
the  navel  as  a  secondary  complication,  showing  that  malignant 
disease  sometimes  appeared  unaccountably  at  this  point  when 
it  occurred  elsewhere  in  a  primary  focus.  Experiments  with 
trypsin,  pancreatic  extract,  and  pepsin,  employed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  removing  blood,  and  lymph  coagula  from  cavities  of  the 
body  and  for  liquefying  sloughs.  Description  of  the  wick  drain 
which  has  now  been  generally  adopted  everywhere.  Study  of 
the  question  if  evolution  is  trying  to  do  away  with  the  clitoris. 
Experimental  production  of  "mallet  finger"  showing  that  it  was 
due  to  traumatic  thinning  of  the  extensor  ligament  attached  to 
the  terminal  phalanx  of  the  finger  and  was  not  due  to  rupture 
of  a  ligament.  Endoscopic  tubes  for  direct  inspection  of  the 
interior  of  the  uterus  and  bladder.  These  were  not  taken  up 
extensively  by  the  profession  for  the  reason  that  various  kinds 
of  electrical  apparatus  came  into  the  field  and  replaced  my  tubes. 
Use  of  the  dowel  pin  for  cases  of  dislocation  of  the  acromial  end 
of  the  clavicle,  and  in  the  following  year  described  the  use  of  the 
dowel  pin  in  fracture  of  the  clavicle.    Experiments  with  rabbits 


60  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

showing  that  ileal  intussuception  might  be  produced  as  a  labor- 
atory experiment  by  touching  the  bowel  with  a  little  carbonate 
of   sodium,    and   I   suggested   that   intussusception   in   infants 
might  perhaps  be  explained  on  the  ground  that  exteric  toxins 
cause  spasms  of  the  muscularis  in  the  same  way  as  it  was  pro- 
duced experimentally  with  carbonate  of  sodium.     Experiments 
with  cargile  membrane  employed  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
peritoneal  adhesion  formation.     The  pathology  of  involution  of 
the  appendix  and  its  complications.    Insidious  peritoneal  adhe- 
sions occurring  in  the  upper  part  of  the  peritoneal  cavity.    Lane's 
first  paper  was  published  in  the  London  Lancet  for  January  of 
the  same  year,  describing  the  adhesions  about  the  ileum  and 
right  iliac  fossa.     Studies  relating  to  appendicitis  which  were 
perhaps   new.     Proliferating   endarteritis   of   terminal   arterial 
branches  of  the  appendix,  showing  that  this  occurred  as  a  result 
of  toxic  influences,  that  the  area  supplied  by  any  one  terminal 
artery  when  deprived  of  blood  supply  was  then  open  to  attack 
by  bacteria  (and  that  accounts  for  ulcerative  processes  in  the 
appendix).     Since  that  time  I  have  shown  that  proliferating 
endarteritis  of  small  arteries  of  other  parts  of  the  enteron  leads 
to  such  complications  as  ulcer  of  the  stomach  and  duodenum, 
and  that  this  is  apparently  the  most  common  cause  for  such 
ulcers.     The  process  results  from  excretion  of  toxins  by  the 
mucosa  of  the  stomach  and  duodenum  and  such  toxins  cause 
local  endarteritis  of  terminal  arteries.    New  methods  in  technic 
in  operative  work  which  have  since  been  generally  adopted. 
Action  of  various  solvents  on  gall-stones,  showing  that  it  is  hope- 
less to  attempt  to  dissolve  gall-stones  within  the  body.     Influence 
of  remains  of  the  embryonic  vitelline  duct  in  the  production  of 
moist  navels,  and  of  eczematoid  inflammation  about  the  navel. 
Experiments  seeking  an  explanation  for  the  reason  why  patients 
recover  from  tuberculosis  of  the  peritoneum,  and  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  saprophyte  toxin  destroyed  the  bacilli  in  the 
peritoneal  cavity  as  it  did  in  my  test-tube  cultures.    Since  that 
time  I  have  reported  upon  experiments  showing  that  the  destruc- 
tion of  tubercle  bacilli  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  is  brought  about 


ORIGINAL   CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       6 1 

by  any  measure  which  excites  a  high  degree  of  peritoneal  hyper- 
leukocytosis.  Experiments  on  ovarian  grafting.  Article  on  the 
subject  of  ovarian  grafting,  and  in  1905  and  subsequently  have 
published  many  notes  upon  the  subject.  My  own  work  antedated 
that  of  Chrobak  and  Knauer,  and  I  do  not  know  why  they  were 
given  credit  for  inception  of  the  idea,  except  perhaps  upon  the 
ground  that  it  was  "made  in  Germany."  Case  in  which  preg- 
nancy resulted  after  ovarian  grafting.  Account  of  the  facts 
relating  to  the  Schede  method  of  obtaining  wound  repair  by 
means  of  the  moist  blood  clot.  This  method  was  one  which  I 
had  worked  out  experimentally  and  which  I  demonstrated  at  the 
clinic  of  Dr.  Schede,  of  Hamburg.  Schede  at  first  objected  very 
much  to  this  method,  saying  it  was  dangerous,  but  succeeded 
in  publishing  a  report  upon  cases,  and  obtaining  credit  for  the 
procedure,  before  my  own  report  had  been  published.  In  cases 
of  chronic  appendicitis  the  right  group  of  lumbar  ganglia  was 
hypersensitive  on  pressure  while  the  left  group  was  not  hyper- 
sensitive. 1 910  I  assembled  data  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
that  we  were  about  to  enter  a  new  era  in  surgery,  which  I  called 
the  fourth  or  physiological  era.  I  showed  the  three  previous  eras 
consisted  of  the  heroic,  the  anatomical,  and  the  pathological. 
A  method  of  examining  fractures  behind  a  fluoroscopic  screen, 
and  pinning  fragments  in  place  by  means  of  a  cannula  and  drill 
device  which  was  described.  Study  in  explanation  for  the  reason 
why  wounds  in  the  upper  part  of  the  abdominal  wall  sometimes 
fail  to  make  good  repair.  Method  for  quick  repair  of  the  peri- 
neum after  exposure  of  the  levator  ani  muscle.  Description  of 
an  artificial  synovial  fluid,  consisting  of  boroglyceride,  glycerin, 
and  normal  saline  solution.  Method  for  longitudinal  inversion 
of  the  bowel.  This  is  to  be  tried  out  experimentally  in  the  hope 
of  replacing  colectomy. 

Dr.  John  A.  Wyeth  (New  York) :  Ligation  of  the  external 
carotid  artery  for  a  lesion  of  its  branches  instead  of  ligating  the 
common  carotid.  Bloodless  amputations  of  the  hip-joint  and 
shoulder.  The  cure  of  otherwise  inoperable  vascular  tumors 
(angiomata)  by  the  injection  into  their  substance  of  water  at  a 


62  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

high  temperature.  The  immunizing  effect  upon  sarcoma  of  a 
mixed  pyogenic  infection.  The  demonstration  of  the  process  of 
arterial  occlusion  by  cell  proliferation  after  ligation  in  conti- 
nuity. Transplanting  skin  from  the  abdomen  and  other  parts 
of  the  body  to  the  hand  and  forearm.  Transferring  the  graft 
by  this  means  to  the  face,  neck  or  elsewhere.  Transplantation 
of  the  proximal  end  of  the  ulna  to  the  distal  of  the  radius  in  an 
ununited  Colles's  fracture.  Hip-joint  disease  treated  by  com- 
bination of  Hutchinson's  high  shoe  and  crutches  and  Sayre's 
long  extension  splint.  A  new  procedure  for  the  removal  of 
otherwise  inoperable  tumors  from  the  posterior  pharynx.  Novel 
procedure  for  restoring  the-  anterior  extremity  of  the  radius. 
Treatment  of  caries  of  the  lumbar  spine  by  continuous  extension. 
Femoral  hernia — a  new  and  successful  method  of  obliterating 
the  femoral  canal.  Founding  of  the  first  polyclinic  school  for 
postgraduates  in  America. 

Dr.  Lewis  A.  Stimson  (New  York)  was  the  first  to  ligate  the 
uterine  and  ovarian  arteries  preliminary  to  hysterectomy  for 
fibroids  and  other  affections.  Later  on  Dr.  Baer,  of  Philadelphia, 
substituted  the  mass  ligature  for  the  isolated  ligature  of  the 
vessels.     (Statement  of  Dr.  Noble,  of  Philadelphia.) 

Dr.  Robert  Abbe  (New  York) :  Treatment  of  strictures  of  the 
esophagus  by  the  string  method,  in  which  a  string  is  passed 
through  the  stricture  and  by  working  it  up  and  down  cuts  through 
the  stricture.  Devised  an  operation  for  trigger  finger.  Was 
first  (in  America,  at  least)  to  cure  a  case  of  papilloma  of  the 
larynx  by  the  use  of  radium.  New  plastic  operation  for  the 
relief  of  deformity  due  to  hare-lip.  There  was  an  extreme  flat- 
ness and  scantiness  of  the  upper  lip,  with  an  enormous  pouting 
and  redundance  of  the  lower  one.  The  middle  portion  of  the 
lower  lip  was  transplanted  into  the  upper. 

Dr.  Frederic  S.  Lee  (Canton) :  Work  on  the  physiology  of 
muscles  and  fatigue  (1905-13). 

Dr.  Edward  Charles  Spitzka  (New  York) :  Among  original 
discoveries  may  be  mentioned  the  interoptic  lobe  of  the  ignana, 
the  identification  of  hitherto  unrecognized  postoptic  lobes  in 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       63 

birds  and  reptiles,  of  the  spinal  course  of  the  cortex  lemnisans  in 
man,  the  marginal  tract  (discovered  a  year  later  by  Lissauer) 
variously  referred  to  as  the  Lissauer  or  the  Spitzka-Lissauer 
tract,  of  the  auditory  tract  in  the  cetacea,  and  of  the  superficial 
decussation  of  the  pyramids  in  pteropus. 

Dr.  T.  Leonard  Corning  (New  York) :  Discovered  local  anes- 
thesia with  cocain  and  hypodermic  injections.  Also  spinal  anal- 
gesia, but  he  only  applied  it  to  animals,  not  to  the  human  (1885). 

Dr.  J.  Riddle  Gofee  (New  York):  Method  of  covering  the 
stump  with  peritoneal  flaps  after  supravaginal  hysterectomy  for 
fibroid  tumors.  My  operation  for  the  relief  of  extreme  cases  of 
procidentia  complicated  by  rectocele  and  cystocele.  In  this 
second  operation  the  uterus  is  removed  and  the  broad  ligaments 
stitched  together  across  the  pelvis  upon  which  is  spread  out  the 
bladder  by  stitching  the  trigone  to  it  in  three  places,  etc.  My 
theory  for  support  rests  upon  the  control  of  intra-abdominal 
pressure.  I  have  worked  out  this  theory  and  described  the 
operation  in  detail  in  two  or  three  articles. 

Dr.  Herbert  Gillette  (New  York) :  Case  in  which  diphtheria 
antitoxin  was  administered  to  a  person  who  had  asthma,  and  the 
patient  died  in  a  few  minutes.  My  notes  called  attention  for 
the  first  time  to  the  danger  of  administering  horse  serum  to  a 
subject  of  asthma  or  to  one  who  is  susceptible  to  the  odor  of  a 
horse  or  stable;  also,  it  called  attention  to  possible  danger  to 
subjects  of  hay  fever,  bronchitis,  or  any  form  of  respiratory  dis- 
tress. It  was  a  form  of  anaphylaxis  in  the  human  subject  caused 
by  horse  serum  as  an  excitor,  and  the  immunizing  dose  so  fre- 
quently administered  is  as  dangerous  as  any  when  the  above 
conditions  are  present. 

Dr.  Willy  Meyer  (New  York):  1888,  "A  Successful  Case 
of  Colocolostomy."  First  case  published  of  lateral  anastomosis 
between  parts  of  the  large  intestine.  1892,  "Progress  of  Cysto- 
scopy in  the  Last  Three  Years."  First  statement  in  the  litera- 
ture of  the  rhythmical  movements  of  the  mouth  of  the  ureter 
as  they  appear  during  cystoscopy.  1892,  "Nephrotomy  for  the 
Relief  of  Sudden  Total  Suppression  of  Urine,  Occurring  Some- 


64  EDMOXD    SOUCHON 

time  after  Nephrectomy."  First  advice  to  perforate  capsula 
propria  of  kidney  in  case  of  total  suppression  of  urine.  This 
advice  was  later  enlarged  by  Dr.  Edebohls,  who  recommended 
decapsulation.  1894.  "Portable  Sterilizer  for  Private  Opera- 
tions." So  far  as  I  know,  the  first  portable  sterilizer  for  surgical 
purposes.  1894.  "An  Improved  Method  of  the  Radical  Opera- 
tion for  Cancer  of  the  Breast."  First  publication  in  New  York 
Medical  Record,  December  15,  1894.  1905,  "Carcinoma  of  the 
Breast."  First  report  on  the  now  generally  adopted  radical 
operation  for  cancer  of  the  breast,  which  means  removal  of  the 
cancer  with  both  pectoral  muscles  in  toto.  plus  axillary  and  sub- 
clavian glands  with  surrounding  fat,  in  one  mass.  In  this  opera- 
tion the  bloodvessels  are  ligated  and  divided  at  their  point  of 
exit  from  or  entrance  into  the  main  vessels,  thus  reducing  the 
loss  of  blood  to  a  minimum.  1896,  "Early  Diagnosis  of  Tuber- 
culosis of  the  Kidney."  First  statement  in  the  literature  of  the 
cystoscopic  picture  of  the  traces  left  within  the  healthy  bladder 
by  the  urine  descending  from  a  tuberculous  kidney.  1900,  "The 
Hockey-stick  Incision."  Description  of  a  practical  method  of 
abdominal  incision  for  appendicular  trouble  combined  with  dis- 
ease of  the  appendages.  1903,  "The  Improvement  of  General 
Anesthesia  on  the  Basis  of  Schleich's  Principles."  1908,  "The 
Improvement  of  General  Anesthesia  on  the  Basis  of  the  Princi- 
ple of  Adapting  the  Boiling-point  of  the  Anesthetic  to  the  Tem- 
perature of  the  Body  (Schleich) ;  Ten  Years'  Experience."  New 
anesthetic  mixture  of  chloroform,  ether,  and  ethyl  chloride,  the 
boiling-point  of  which  is  adapted  to  the  body  temperature. 
1904,  "Osteoplastic  Gastrotomy  for  Impermeable  Cicatricial 
Stricture  of  the  Esophagus."  Attacking  impermeable  cicatri- 
cial stricture  of  the  esophagus  from  below,  with  the  help  of  an 
osteoplastic  flap,  in  the  presence  of  a  gastric  fistula.  1909, 
"  Fortschritte  in  Druckdifferenzverfahren  f.  Intrathorakale  Oper- 
ationen."  1909,  "Pneumectomy  with  the  Aid  of  Differential 
Air-pressure;  An  Experimental  Study."  A  practical  combina- 
tion of  the  positive  cabinet  with  the  negative  chamber,  permit- 
ting of  change  from  positive  to  negative  pressure  at  will,  leaving 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       65 

patient  undisturbed  in  his  position  on  the  operating  table.  191 1, 
"Inoperable  Cardiospasm  Successfully  Treated  by  Thoracotomy 
and  Eosophagoplication."  Loosening  the  pneumogastrics  from 
the  supradiaphragmatic  pouch  in  cases  of  cardiospasm,  with 
reduction  of  size  of  pouch  by  single  or  double  plication.  Spon- 
taneous return  of  the  ability  to  swallow  has  been  observed  in 
one  patient,  permanently  up  to  the  time  of  death,  one  year  after 
operation,  temporarily  only  in  the  second  patient.  191 1,  "Sub- 
cutaneous Injection  of  Normal  Human  Blood  Serum  to  Prevent 
and  Overcome  Postoperative  Hemorrhage  in  Patients  with 
Chronic  Jaundice."  Making  use  of  Dr.  Welch's  proposition  of 
subcutaneous  injection  of  normal  human  blood  serum  as  a  pre- 
ventive against  postoperative  (secondary)  hemorrhages  in  cases 
of  chronic  j  aundice .  1912,"  The  Operative  Treatment  of  Intract- 
able Cardiospasm."  Making  use  of  the  Heinecke-Mikulicz 
method  of  pyloroplasty  for  the  cardia  in  cases  of  cardiospasm. 
191 2,  "On  Drainage  after  Intrathoracic  Operations,  with  Special 
Reference  to  the  Esophagus."  191 2,  "Zur  Drainage  nach  Intra- 
thorakalen  Operationen."  Draining  the  pleural  cavity  after 
intrathoracic  operations  as  in  abdominal  cases,  keeping  the 
patient  under  differential  pressure  for  fifteen  to  twenty  hours. 
1 914,  "On  Bronchiectasis."  Proposition  to  spray  collargol  into 
the  bronchial  tree  in  order  to  improve  results*  of  radiography 
(still  in  experimental  stage).  1914,  " Extrathoracic  and  Intra- 
thoracic Esophagoplasty  in  Connection  with  Resection  of  Tho- 
racic Portion  of  Esophagus  for  Cancer."  Using  the  Beck-Jianu 
tube  obtained  by  a  plastic  operation  from  the  major  curvature 
of  the  stomach  for  intrathoracic  esophagoplasty,  i.  e.,  to  have 
this  tube  replace  the  lower  portion  of  the  resected  esophagus, 
making  it  pass  through  the  foramen  esophageum  alongside  the 
closed  .cardia  and  uniting  it  with  the  proximal  stump  direct  by 
suture. 

Dr.  Irving  S.  Haynes  (New  York) :  1 796-1879.  In  the  treat- 
ment of  badly  united  Pott's  fracture  at  the  ankle,  I  claim  orig- 
inality and  priority  for  the  method  of  treatment  as  set  forth  in 
my  reprint,  viz.,  "To  Reproduce  the  Lesions  of  the  Original 


66  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Injury  and  Treat  the  Case  as  if  a  Recent  Fracture."  The  opera- 
tion was  performed  in  June,  1888.  I  claim  that  I  was  the  first 
to  devise  and  apply  the  principle  of  "composite  photography" 
to  determine  the  relations  of  the  thoracic  and  abdominal  vis- 
cera to  the  surface  of  the  body  and  to  each  other.  An  original 
technic  for  " Drainage  of  the  Cisterna  Magna  in  Meningitis." 
An  original  plan  for  the  "Treatment  of  Hydrocephalus  by 
Deflecting  the  Cerebrospinal  Fluid  into  the  Blood  Stream  by 
Means  of  a  Silver  Tube"  connect  the  cisterna  magna  with  one 
of  the  sinuses,  preferably  a  lateral.  I  call  the  method  "Cisterna- 
sinus  drainage  for  hydrocephalus."  An  original  technic  for  the 
treatment  of  very  large  (giant)  .ventral  hernia. 

Dr.  Hermann  Knapp  (New  York) :  Work  in  ophthalmology. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Coley  (New  York):  "Treatment  of  Inoperable 
Malignant  Tumors  by  Repeated  Inoculations  with  Living  Cul- 
tures of  the  Streptococcus  of  Erysipelas.  The  Therapeutic  Value 
of  the  Mixed  Toxins  of  the  Streptococcus  of  Erysipelas  and 
Bacillus  Prodigiosus  in  the  Treatment  of  Inoperable  Malignant 
Tumors,  with  a  Report  of  160  Cases." 

Dr.  Charles  L.  Dana  (New  York) :  "Benignity  of  Syphilis." 
The  disease  very  often  ran  a  benign  course  among  a  class  of  men 
who  lived  out-of-doors,  and  I  believe  I  was  among  the  first  to 
call  attention  t'o  the  fact  that  "out-of-doors"  was  as  good  for 
syphilis  as  for  tuberculosis.  "Nerve  Weakness."  I  tried  to 
convince  the  people  at  that  time  of  the  existence  of  a  functional 
neurosis  (neurasthenia),  of  which  the  evidence  was  not  at  that 
time  acknowledged.  In  my  article  on  "Pathological  Anatomy  of 
Tic  Douloureux"  I  described  specimens  which  showed  that  the 
disease  was  due  to  a  morbid  condition  of  the  vascular  supply  of 
the  nerve  rather  than  to  disease  of  the  nerve  itself.  That  was 
subsequently  confirmed  by  others,  and  it  is  my  view  of  the 
pathology  of  the  disease  now.  New  method  of  treatment  of  the 
disease  by  massive  doses  of  strychnin,  a  treatment  which  still 
retains  an  important  position  in  neurological  therapeutics. 
"Trigeminus  Paralysis."  All  the  nerves  of  taste  came  primarily 
from  the  glossopharyngeal,  a  view  which  has  much  support  at 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       67 

the  present  time.  Articles  on  combined  sclerosis.  Dr.  Putnam 
and  I  were  the  first  to  describe  this  disease  and  to  give  patholog- 
ical records  of  the  condition  of  the  spinal  cord.  In  later  articles 
I  showed  its  important  relationship  to  pernicious  anemia.  Clin- 
ical study  of  neuralgias.  I  gave  the  first  systematic  picture  of 
the  location  of  various  reflex  pains.  It  was  an  elaboration  of  this 
original  view  of  mine  which  Dr.  Head  subsequently  worked  up 
so  much  more  completely.  "Acute  Transverse  Myelitis  with 
Perforating  Necrosis."  I  gave  the  first  description  of  that 
peculiar  form  of  pathological  disturbance.  Pathological  anatomy 
of  chorea.  Contributed  to  establish  the  fact  that  in  chronic 
myoclonias  the  cortex  is  the  main  seat  of  the  lesion.  Progressive 
Senile  Paraplegia.  I  reported  a  case  which  represents,  so  far  as 
I  know,  the  first  record  of  the  condition  of  the  spinal  cord  in 
senile  paraplegia.  "  Cerebral  Hemorrhage  and  Softening."  I 
showed  that  there  was  in  general  a  difference  in  the  temperature 
of  the  two  sides  in  hemorrhage  but  not  in  thrombosis,  and  a 
difference  in  blood-pressure.  These  articles  contained  also  studies 
of  the  localization  of  heat  centers  and  studies  of  etiology  showing 
the  clinical  facts  regarding  the  importance  of  syphilis  as  a  cause 
of  cerebral  hemorrhage.  "Alcoholism  and  Inebriety."  I  have 
studied  and  examined  the  brains  of  many  cases  of  so-called 
"alcoholic  wet-brain."  I  think  these  were  the  first  articles  to 
call  attention  to  what  is  described  as  "serous  meningitis." 
"Pathology  of  Hereditary  Chorea."  I  showed  the  cortical 
changes  which  occur  in  this  disease.  This  was  one  of  the  first 
but  perhaps  not  the  very  first  article  which  proved  that  it  was 
a  cortical  disorder.  Changes  in  the  shape  and  position  of  the 
uvula  as  one  of  the  minor  stigmata  of  degeneration.  "Basedow's 
Disease."  I  reported  a  case  which  confirmed,  I  thought,  my 
position  that  in  this  disease  the  primary  lesion  is  bulbar  and 
nervous  and  that  the  enlargement  and  over  activity  of  the 
thyroid  are  secondary  to  the  central  neuro-pathological  condi- 
tions. "Cerebellar  Seizures."  I  described  a  peculiar  form  of 
"fit"  due  to  extracerebellar  lesions.  These  cerebellar  fits  had 
been  described  by  Hughlings  Jackson,  but  he  did  not,  I  think, 


05  EDMOND    SOUCHOX 

describe  them  as  part  of  the  disease  in  tumors  of  the  brain. 
I  have  confirmed  my  original  article  by  subsequent  observation 
though  it  is  only  in  certain  types  of  tumors,  those  which  grow 
with  some  rapidity  and  which  are  mainly  outside  the  cerebellum, 
that  the  fits  occur.  "The  Zoophil-Psychosis  "  is  a  new  disease 
which  has  been  received  with  much  applause  by  the  worker  in 
experimental  medicine,  and  I  think  its  establishment  has  been 
of  some  use  to  the  world.  "The  Pineal  Gland,"  done  by  Dr. 
Berkeley  and  myself,  and  originated  at  my  suggestion,  in  which 
we  succeeded  in,  I  think,  proving  that  the  pineal  gland  has  some 
function.  Our  experiments  led  mainly  to  the  view  that  it  has 
some  stimulus  on  mental  and  sexual  and  somatic  growth.  We 
particularly  worked  on.  the  mental  side  and  we  feel  quite  sure 
that  the  pineal  gland  is  of  some  importance  in  certain  classes 
of  mental  defectives. 

Dr.  H.  Beeckman  Delatour  (New  York) :  "New  Colostomy 
Apparatus."  I  described  an  entirely  new  apparatus,  designed 
by  myself,  which  has  given  very  general  satisfaction  to  the 
patients  about  twenty-five  or  thirty,  who  are  using  it.  Drew 
attention  to  the  condition  occurring  at  the  sigmoid  which  was 
first  described  by  myself.  It  obstructs  the  intestinal  canal  by 
angulating  the  bowels  at  one  or  the  other  end  of  the  sigmoid. 
Described  a  series  of  cases  in  which  the  large  intestine  failed  to 
rotate  and  irregular  positions  of  the  appendix  were  found,  when 
operating  for  appendicitis.  Called  attention  to  the  advantages 
of  the  early  operation  for  the  suture  of  the  patella  in  cases  of 
fracture.  Described  the  particular  method  of  suture  shown  to  be 
most  practical,  the  straight  suture,  which  passes  from  the  patella 
ligament  to  the  quadriceps  tendon  and  relieves  the  suture  holding 
the  bone  together  of  all  strain. 

Dr.  A.  Rose  (New  York):  "Carbolic  Acid."  The  treatment 
of  dysentery  (first  introduced  by  me  in  1883).  "The  Cure  of 
Rectal  Fistula  and  Dacryocystitis  by  Means  of  Carbonic  Acid 
Gas."  " Enteroptosis  and  Its  Treatment  by  Means  of  the 
Plaster  Belt."  Facts  showing  the  relations  of  enteroptosis  to 
circulation    and   innervation,    the    relation    of   enteroptosis    to 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       69 

cholecystitis  and  to  mucous  colitis.  The  plaster  belt  has  first 
been  introduced  by  me  in  the  year  1899  and  it  is  known  under  my 
name.  "The  Continuous  Warm-water  Bath  the  Rational 
Remedy  in  Tuberculosis  (Phymatiasis)  and  Infectious  Diseases 
in  General."  "The  Treatment  of  Infectious  Diseases  by  Means 
of  the  Continuous  Warm-water  Bath."  "Ichthyol  in  the 
Treatment  of  Psoriasis." 

Dr.  F.  Kammerer  (New  York  City) :  First  to  contribute  an 
article  on  unilateral  infection  of  the  kidney,  suggesting  as  an 
etiological  factor  the  floating  kidney  in  women  and  also  a  method 
of  surgical  treatment.  Also  "Modified  Incisions  at  the  Outer 
Border  of  the  Rectus  for  Appendicitis  (Kammerer's  Incision)." 

Dr.  L.  L.  Nascher  (New  York  City)  claims  to  be  the 
first  to  have  given  the  name  of  geriatrics  to  the  disease  of  old 
age. 

Dr.  Edward'  A.  Spitzka  (New  York) :  Performed  autopsy 
and  studied  brain  of  Czolgosz,  assassin  of  President  McKinley, 
and  published  several  articles  on  brain  anatomy  while  a  senior 
in  medical  school.  Has  studied  the  brains  of  many  eminent  men 
and  of  various  races  (Eskimos,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Negroes, 
Papudans,  Nicobarese,  Anamanese,  Malays,  etc.).  Published 
first  accurate  topographic  projections  of  the  lateral  ventricles  of 
the  brain  (1900).  First  observations  of  hereditary  resemblances 
in  brains  of  blood  relatives,  1900  and  1903.  Pointed  out  the 
relative  redundancy  of  the  peninsula  (1901),  the  relatively 
larger  size  of  the  callosum  (1906),  and  other  cerebral  character- 
istics in  the  brains  of  distinguished  men.  Described  and  named 
the  postorbital  limbus  at  the  base  of  the  human  brain  (1903). 
Established  the  existence  of  a  lesion,  hitherto  undescribed,  in  the 
brains  of  persons  killed  by  electricity.  Described  the  occurrence 
in  the  twentieth  century  of  epidemics  of  religious  fanaticism 

(i903)  • 

Dr.  Simon  Flexner  (New  York  City)  was  the  first  to  inject 
the  antimeningococcus  serum  into  the  spinal  subdural  space, 
thereby  obtaining  a  larger  percentage  of  cures,  especially  in  the 
early  stages  of  the  disease.     He  with  Drs.  Noguchi  and  Anos 


70  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

discovered  the  germ  of  anterior  poliomyelitis.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  work  on  terminal  infection,  his  experimental  work 
on  venoms  and  the  etiology  and  therapy  of  cerebrospinal  menin- 
gitis and  infantile  poliomyelitis. 

Dr.  Hidego  Noguchi  (Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York  City), 
with  Drs.  Flexner  and  Anos,  has  found  the  germ  of  anterior- 
poliomyelitis.  Has  discovered  the  method  of  cultivation..  He 
has  grown  the  spirochete  of  syphilis.  He  has  grown  the  virus  of 
rabies.  He  also  perfected  a  blood  test  for  syphilis.  Also  per- 
fected a  test  of  spinal  fluid  for  syphilis. 

Dr.  Peyton  Rous  (Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York  City): 
Transmission  of  a  malignant  new  growth  by  means  of  a  cell-free 
filtrate.  A  tumor  of  chicken,  histologically  a  spindle-cell  sarcoma, 
has  been  propagated  in  this  laboratory  since  October,  1909,  and  in 
the  past  few  months  has  developed  extreme  malignancy.  From  a 
bit  inoculated  into  the  breast  muscle  of  a  susceptible  fowl  there 
develops  rapidly  a  large,  firm  growth;  metastasis  takes  place  to 
the  viscera;  and  within  four  to  five  weeks  often  the  host  dies. 
The  behavior  of  the  new  growth  has  been  throughout  that  of  a 
true  neoplasm,  for  which  reason  the  fact  of  its  transmission  by 
means  of  a  cell-free  filtrate  assumes  exceptional  importance. 

Dr.  L.  G.  Meltzer  (Rockefeller  Institute)  originated  intra- 
tracheal insufflation  (1909)  with  John  Auer;  also  the  treatment 
of  tetanus  with  magnesium  sulphate  (1905-6). 

Dr.  Alexis  Carrel  (Rockefeller  Institute,  New  York  City) : 
Preservation  of  life  in  tissues  and  organs  outside  of  the  body. 
Transplantations  of  tissues  and  organs  from  one  subject  to 
another.  "Thyroid  Gland  and  Vascular  Surgery. "  The  purpose 
is  to  examine  what  may  eventually  be  the  influence  of  vascular 
surgery  on  the  therapeutics  of  the  thyroid  gland.  "Experi- 
mental Operations  on  the  Sigmoid  Valves  of  the  Pulmonary 
Artery."  The  purpose  is  to  ascertain  whether  and  to  what 
extent  intracardiac  operations  could  be  performed  with  safety. 
The  technic  of  interthoracic  operations.  The  purpose  is  to 
describe  the  methods  by  which  the  occurrence  of  pleurisy  and  of 
air  emboli  of  the  coronary  arteries  has  been  prevented. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES        7 1 

Dr.  Jacques  Loeb.  His  most  characteristic  work  is  that  upon 
the  dynamic  and  chemodynamic  theory  of  living  processes.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  settle  the  question  of  what  order  of  magni- 
tude is  the  smallest  particle  that  can  show  all  the  phenomena 
of  life  (1893).  The  experiments  made  by  himself  and  pupils 
upon  temperature  coefficients  have  established  other  important 
criteria  of  physiological  processes.  He  has  made  extensive 
investigations  of  the  effect  of  electrolytic,  thermal  and  radional 
energy  upon  living  matter.  He  founded  the  theory  of  '  'tropisms  " 
(1890)  as  the  basis  of  psychology  of  the  lower  forms  of  life, 
purely  mechanical  and  chemical  data,  displacing  the  old  theory 
of  purposeful  instructive  reactions.  He  caused  the  unfertilized 
eggs  of  the  sea  urchin  to  develop  into  the  swimming  larvae  by 
treating  them  with  hypertonic  sea  water,  i.  e.,  in  which  the  con- 
centration had  been  raised  by  the  addition  of  salt  or  sugar  (1899). 
Thus  the  ovum  can  be  activated  just  as  a  protozoon  can  be 
rejuvenated  or  an  asphyxiated  body  resuscitated  by  purely 
physicochemical  means. 

Dr.  H.  R.  Gaylord  and  Dr.  G.  H.  Claws  (Buffalo)  inoculated 
rats  and  mice  with  cancer. 

Dr.  Harry  Plotz  discovered  the  germ  of  typhus  fever 
(Bacillus  typhiexanthematici)  in  191 5. 

Dr.  Walter  W.  Brickner  discovered  new  pathology  of 
shoulder  disability  (subacromial  bursitis)  and  new  mechanical 
and  surgical  treatment  for  same  (1914-15). 

Dr.  J.  Henry  Dowd  (Buffalo) :  The  phosphatic  index,  or 
pulse  of  the  nervous  system.  The  phosphatous  for  taking  the 
phosphatic  index.  A  modification  of  the  urethral  sound,  the 
Dowd  sound. 

Dr.  Max  Elnhorn  (New  York) :    Work  in  gastroenterology. 

The  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research  is. the 
grandest  contribution  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 

The  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of 
Teaching  is  a  great  contribution  to  Medical  Science.  As  a 
private  munificient  institution  it  is  unique  in  the  world. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Trudeau  (Saranac  Lake)  is  the  first  to  have  intro- 
duced in  America  the  open-air  treatment  of  tuberculosis. 


72  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Henry  L.  Elsner  (Syracuse)  published  the  first  complete 
treatise  on  prognosis  (171 6). 


NORTH  DAKOTA 

Dr.  E.  P.  Quain  (Bismark):  The  necessity  of  conserving 
the  intercostal  nerves  in  abdominal  incisions.  An  experimental 
study. 

OHIO 

Dr.  Daniel  Drake  (Cincinnati),  1785-185 2,  published  one 
of  the  first  accounts  in  literature  of  the  local  disorder  known  as 
the  " trembles,"  or  milk  sickness  (1841).  His  great  work  is  on 
the  Diseases  of  the  Interior  Valley  of  North  America.  The  book 
is  distinctly  and  peculiarly  American  (1850-54).  It  was  the 
first  book  of  importance  on  medical  topography. 

Dr.  Marmaduke  B.  Wright  (Cincinnati),  1 803-1 879,  per- 
formed binanual  version  before  Hecht  (1854). 

Dr.  Phineas  S.  Conner  (Cincinnati),  1839-1909,  first  per- 
formed a  complete  eversion  of  the  stomach.  He  contributed 
monographs  on  gunshot  wounds  and  injuries  and  diseases  of 
muscles,  tendons,  and  fascia. 

Dr.  E.  Watkins  (Cincinnati)  was  the  first  physician  in 
America  who  made  ophthalmology  an  exclusive  speciality. 

Dr.  Rueus  B.  Hall  (Cincinnati) :  I  was  the  first  in  America 
to  remove  a  calculus,  lodged  in  the  ureter,  by  the  combined 
abdominal  and  lumbar  incisions.  I  was  the  first  to  suggest 
closing  the  pelvic  peritoneum,  after  making  a  hysterectomy. 
I  was  the  first  to  suggest  that  gall-stones,  long  neglected,  had  a 
causative  relation  to  cancer  in  and  about  the  gall-ducts.  I  was 
the  first  to  suggest  and  make  a  bloodless  operation  for  the  removal 
of  intraligamentous  cyst  of  the  ovary.  This  was  done  by  cutting 
off  the  blood  supply  before  enucleation  of  the  tumor;  by  the 
ligation  of  the  ovarian  arteries;  then  by  ligating  the  uterine 
artery  on  the  side  of  the  easiest  approach;  then  cut  across  the 
neck  of  the  uterus  and  clamp  the  second  uterine  artery,  after 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       73 

which  the  tumor  was  enucleated  from  below  upward.  I  was  the 
first  to  make  the  bloodless  operation  for  removal  of  fibroid 
tumors  of  the  uterus.  By  cutting  off  the  blood  supply,  ligating 
the  ovarian  arteries,  then  the  uterine  artery  on  the  side  of  the 
easiest  approach;  then  cut  across  the  neck  of  the  uterus  and 
clamp  the  second  uterine  artery,  thus  making  it  possible  to 
enucleate  all  such  tumors  from  below  upward,  without  great  loss 
of  blood.  I  was  the  first  one  to  use  the  method  of  elevating  the 
hips  and  body  of  the  patient  in  pelvic  and  abdominal  operations 
now  known  as  the  Trendelenburg  position.  The  operation  was 
made  upon  a  patient  by  name  of  Mary  Vater,  of  Newport,  Ky., 
on  June  17,  1889,  at  my  private  hospital,  154  W.  Eighth  Street, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  There  were  present  at  the  operation  Dr. 
Edwin  Ricketts  (deceased),  Dr.  C.  A.  L.  Reed,  and  Dr.  C.  B. 
Van  Meter,  all  of  this  city.  The  last  two  are  living,  and  would 
be  willing  to  testify  as  to  the  correctness  of  this  statement. 
Sometime  after  this  Trendelenburg  published  a  paper,  describing 
the  position  for  operations  in  the  pelvis.  I  therefore  did  not 
publish  my  claim  at  all,  yet  I  feel  that  I  should  have  done  so. 
Before  he  published  his  paper  I  had  used  the  position  several 
times  in  difficult  operations,  and  so  had  Dr.  Reed,  of  this  city, 
he  having  seen  me  use  it  with  such  great  advantage  to  the 
operator  and  patient. 

Dr.  Reid  Hunt  (Martinsville) :  Book  on  Thyroid  and  Phar- 
macology. 

Dr.  D.  T.  Vail  (Cincinnati)  reports  what  he  believes  to  be 
the  first  case  of  infection  of  the  human  eye  from  the  virus  of  a 
plague-like  disease  among  rodents,  notably  the  California  ground 
squirrel,  and  now  known  as  "squirrel  plague." 

Dr.  George  N.  Stewart  :  Work  on  Physiology  and  Pharma- 
cology. 

Dr.  Forald  Sollman,  also. 

Drs.  W.  B.  Wherry  and  B.  H.  Lamb  (Cincinnati)  believe  they 
reported  the  first  instance  of  human  infection  with  the  organism 
discovered  by  McCoy  and  Chapin  in  a  plague-like  disease  first 
described  by  McCoy  in  the  California  ground  squirrel. 


74  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Howard  Taylor  Ricketts  (Findlay,  0.)  demonstrated 
wood-tick  to  be  the  vector  of  Rocky  Mountains  spotted  fever 
(1907)  and  louse  of  Mexican  typhus  or  tabardello  (1910). 

Dr.  F.  W.  Langdon  (Cincinnati) :  "Surgical  Anatomy  of  the 
Brain."  By  means  of  six  lines,  based  on  anatomical  landmarks 
only,  without  measurements  in  inches  or  millimeters,  or  apparatus 
of  any  kind,  excepting  an  ordinary  steel  tape  line,  or  a  narrow 
strip  of  card-board,  we  may  locate  upon  the  living  head  most  of 
the  important  surgical  regions  of  the  brain  and  its  membranes: 
and  I  venture  to  state  that  the  rules  here  laid  down  will  be  found 
as  reliable  in  practice  as  the  most  elaborate  systems  of  mensura- 
tion, or  craniometry  by  more  or  less  complicated  apparatus. 

Dr.  H.  McE.  Kower  (Cincinnati):  "Origin  of  the  'Nasutus' 
(Soldier)  of  Eutermes."  "Pteropods  with  Two  Separate  Open- 
ings." "The  Embryology  of  a  Termite."  "A  Comparative 
Study  of  the  Development  of  the  Generative  Tract  in  Termites." 
"A  New  and  Sensitive  Method  of  Injecting  the  Vessels  of  Small 
Embryos,  etc.,  under  the  Microscope."  "Effects  of  Early 
Removal  of  the  Heart  and  Arrest  of  the  Circulation  on  the 
Development  of  Frog  Embryos."  "The  Origin  and  Develop- 
ment of  the  Anterior  Lymph  Hearts  and  the  Subcutaneous 
Lymph  Sacs  in  the  Frog."  "Demonstration  of  the  Interventric- 
ular Muscle  Bands  in  the  Adult  Human  Heart."  "A  Compara- 
tive Study  of  Embryonic  Bloodvessels  and  Lymphatics  in 
Amphibia." 

Dr.  Martin  H.  Fischer  (Cincinnati) :  Contributions  to  the 
establishment  and  development  of  the  colloid-chemical  theory 
of  water  absorption.    Too  long  to  summarize. 

Dr.  George  W.  Crile  (Cleveland):  1905,  "Observations  on 
Cancer  of  the  Breast,  with  Analysis  of  91  Operative  Cases." 
"New  Operations  for  Hernia  of  the  Pelvic  Floor  (Procidentia), 
with  Report  of  a  Case."  "Scope  and  Problems  of  Surgical 
Physiology."  "Some  Observations  on  Effect  of  Alternating 
Currents  of  Moderate  Frequency  on  Dogs."  (In  collaboration 
with  J.  J.  R.  McLeod.)  "Surgical  Physiology."  1906,  "Exci- 
sion of  Cancer  of  the  Head  and  Neck,  with  Special  Reference  to 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       75 

the  Plan  of  Dissection,  Based  on  132  Operations."  "Experi- 
mental and  Clinical  Observation  upon  Direct  Transfusion  of 
Blood."  "Experimental  Research  into  the  Resuscitation  of 
Dogs  Killed  by  Anesthetics  and  Asphyxia."  (In  collaboration 
with  D.  H.  Dolley.)  "On  the  Surgical  Treatment  of  Cancer 
of  the  Head  and  Neck,  with  a  Summary  of  121  Operations  Per- 
formed upon  105  Patients."  "On  the  Technic  and  the  Results 
in  the  Excision  of  Cancer  of  the  Head  and  Neck."  "Report  of 
Case  of  Multiple  Giant-cell  Sarcoma."  (In  collaboration  with 
W.  C.  Hill.)  "Technic  of  Operations  upon  the  Face  and  Neck." 
"Treatment  of  Hemorrhage."  1907,  "Effect  on  the  Normal 
Dog  Heart  of  Expressed  Tissue  Juice  from  Hearts  of  Dogs 
Poisoned  with  Diphtheria  Toxin."  (In  collaboration  with  J.  J. 
R.  MacLeod.)  "Further  Consideration  of  Surgical  Treatment 
of  Cancer  of  the  Head  and  Neck."  "Further  Consideration  of 
the  Treatment  of  Cancer  of  the  Neck."  "Further  Experimental 
and  Clinical  Observations  on  the  Transfusion  of  Blood." 
"Goitre."  "On  the  Direct  Transfusion  of  Blood.  An  Exper- 
imental and  Clinical  Research."  "Transfusion  in  Dogs  upon 
Which  Bilateral  Nephrectomy  has  been  Performed."  (In  collab- 
oration with  H.  P.  Cole.)  "On  the  Plan  of  Excision  in  Cancer 
of  the  Head  and  Neck,  and  an  Analysis  of  132  Cases."  "Pre- 
liminary Note  on  the  Direct  Transfusion  of  Blood  in  Pernicious 
Anemia,  Leukemia,  Carcinoma,  Chronic  Suppuration,  Surgical 
Hemorrhage,  Tuberculosis,  Surgical  Shock,  and  the  Transfer- 
ence of  Immune  or  Protective  Bodies  in  Self-limited  Diseases, 
Illuminating  Gas-poisoning,  Bleeding,  and  Transfusion  in  Tox- 
emia and  Drug  Poisoning."  "Preliminary  Report  on  the  Direct 
Transfusion  of  Blood  in  Animals  Given  Excessive  Doses  of 
Diphtheria  Toxins."  "Summary  of  1000  Cases  of  Appendicitis, 
with  Observations  on  Etiology."  "Transfusion  Experiments  on 
Dogs,  showing  Artificially  Implanted  Tumors."  "Treatment 
of  Illuminating  Gas  Poison  by  the  Direct  Transfusion  of  Blood." 
1908,  "The  Cancer  Problem."  "Hemolysis,  with  Special  Refer- 
ence to  Cancer  and  Tuberculosis."  "Further  Observations  on 
Its  Clinical  Aspect."    " Hemolytic  Tests  for  Cancer."    "Hemo- 


76  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

lytic  Tests  for  Malignant  Tumors."  "Hemorrhage  and  Trans- 
fusion." "Observations  on  Surgery  of  the  Thyroid  Gland,  with 
Special  Reference  to  the  Psychic  Factor  in  Graves's  Disease." 
"  On  the  Direct  Transfusion  of  Blood."  "  Surgery  of  the  Stomach 
Based  on  104  Personal  Cases."  "Surgical  Aspects  of  Graves's 
Disease,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Psychic  Factor."  "Sur- 
gical Shock."  "Transfusion  of  Blood  in  the  Transplantable 
Lymphosarcoma  of  Dogs."  (In  collaboration  with  S.  P.  Beebe.) 
1909,  "Certain  Phases  of  Acute  Anemia."  "Further  Observa- 
tions on  the  Clinical  Aspect  of  Hemolysis."  "Further  Observa- 
tions on  Transfusion,  with  a  Note  on  Hemolysis."  "Hemorrhage 
and  Transfusion."  "Medicine  and  the  Press."  "Note  on 
Nitrous  Oxide  and  Oxygen  Anesthesia  in  Comparison  with 
Ether  Anesthesia."  "Observations  on  Cancer."  "Observa- 
tions on  Surgery  of  the  Thyroid  Gland  with  Special  Reference 
to  the  Psychic  Factor  in  Graves's  Disease."  "Pathological 
Cytology  of  Surgical  Shock;  a  Preliminary  Communication:  the 
alterations  occurring  in  the  Purkinje  cells  of  the  dog's  cere- 
bellum, with  an  introductory  note  on  the  pathological  physi- 
ology." "Subjective  Symptoms  of  Exophthalmic  Goitre;  a  Per- 
sonal Experience."  "Surgical  Anemia  and  Resuscitation." 
"Surgical  Shock  (Harvey  Lecture)."  "Technic  of  Cesarean 
Section."  1910,  "Address  on  Cancer."  "Experimental  and 
Clinical  Research  into  Nitrous  Oxide  Versus  Ether  Anesthesia: 
an  Abbreviated  Report."  "Further  Observations  on  Hemoly- 
sis in  Cancer."  "On  Cancer."  "On  Certain  Factors  that 
Influence  the  Immediate  Results  of  Surgical  Operations."  "On 
the  Direct  Transfusion  of  Blood."  "On  the  Factors  of  Safety 
in  Abdominal  Operations."  "On  the  Neurocytological  Changes 
in  Shock,  Infection,  Graves's  Disease,  and  Certain  Drugs,  with 
a  Note  on  Fear  in  Rabbits."  "Operations  on  Handicapped 
Patients."  " Phylogenetic  Association  in  Relation  to  Certain 
Medical  Problems."  "Postoperative  Results  in  Exophthalmic 
Goitre."  191 1,  "Anoci-association:  a  New  Principle  in  Opera- 
tive Surgery."  "Goitre:  Some  Biological  Considerations." 
"Graves's  Disease;  a  New  Theory  of  Operations  Based  upon  a 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       77 

Study  of  3  5  2  Operations. "  "  Newer  Methods  for  Further  Increas- 
ing the  Safety  of  Surgical  Operations."  "A  New  Principle  in 
the  Treatment  of  Graves's  Disease."  "Nitrous  Oxide  Anesthesia 
and  a  Note  on  Anoci-association ;  a  New  Principle  in  Surgery." 
"  Phylogenetic  Association  in  Relation  to  Certain  Medical 
Problems."  "Phylogenetic  Association  on  Relations  to  Graves's 
Disease  and  Sexual  Neurasthenia."  "Some  of  the  Factors  that 
Influence  the  Prognosis  in  Operations  for  Cancer."  "Surgical 
Aspects  of  Painful  Digestion."  1912,  "Anoci-association:  a 
New  Principle  in  Surgery."  "Anesthesia  and  Anoci-association." 
"Comparison  of  Anesthesia  in  Plants  Possessing  a  Motor 
Mechanism  and  Animals."  (In  collaboration  with  M.  L. 
Menton.)  "End-results  of  Operation  in  Graves's  Disease." 
"Laryngectomy  for  Cancer."  "New  Principle  Underlying  the 
Interpretation  of  Clinical  Phenomena  of  the  Abdominal  Viscera, 
with  Special  Reference  to  Emotional  and  Painful  Indigestion." 
"Phylogenetic  Association  in  Relation  to  the  Emotions." 
"Results  of  Operations,  Especially  Abdominal,  Formed  on  the 
Principle  of  Anoci-associations."  "Surgical  Aspects  of  Graves's 
Disease."  1913,  "Anesthesia  and  Anoci-association."  "Anoci- 
association:  a  New  Principle  of  Surgery."  "Biological  Inter- 
pretations and  Surgical  Aspects  in  Painful  Digestion."  "Further 
Control  of  the  Morbidity  and  the  Mortality  in  Abdominal  Oper- 
ations for  Pelvic  Diseases."  "Identity  of  Cause  of  Aseptic 
Wound  Fever  and  So-called  Postoperative  Hyperthyroidism  and 
Their  Prevention."  "Indications  and  Technic  in  Gastric  Resec- 
tion and  Gastroenterostomy."  "Kinetic  System:  Theory." 
"Laryngectomy  for  Cancer."  "Mechanistic  View  of  Psychol- 
ogy." "  Possible  Surgical  Control  of  Kinetic  System."  "  Present- 
day  Conceptions  of  the  Pathological  Physiology  of  Graves's 
Disease  from  the  Surgeon's  Viewpoint."  "Relation  between 
the  Blood-pressure  and  the  Prognosis  in  Abdominal  Operations." 
"Relation  between  the  Physical  State  of  Brain  Cells  and  Brain 
Functions.  Experimental  and  Clinical."  "Shock."  "Some 
Newer  Methods  of  Reducing  the  Mortality  of  Operations  on  the 
Pelvic  Organs."     "Successful  Method  of  Performing  Shockless 


78  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Operations  Based  on  a  Clinical  Experience  of  3000  Cases." 
"Transfusion  of  Blood."  19 14,  "Acidity,  Alkalinity,  and  Anes- 
thesia." "Anoci-association."  "Anoci-association  in  Relation 
to  Operations  on  the  Gall-bladder."  "Cholecystectomy  versus 
Cholecystostomy  and  Method  of  Overcoming  Special  Risks 
Attending  Common  Duct  Operations."  "Drainage  versus 
Immediate  Suture  of  the  Common  Duct."  "Kinetic  Chain  for 
Transformation  of  Latent  Energy."  "Kinetic  System."  "Liver 
in  its  Relation  to  Operations  on  the  Biliary  Tract  and  Stomach." 
"Shock."  "Two-stage  Operations,  Especially  in  its  Relation  to 
Treatment  of  Cancer."  "Wayside  Notes  of  Visits  to  German 
Clinics  in  June,  191 2."  191 5,  "Emotions,  Their  Origin  and 
Nature."  Although  the  foregoing  publications  contain  more  or 
less  original  view-points,  Dr.  Crile  states  that  the  block  exci- 
sion of  lymphatic  gland  bearing  tissues  of  the  neck,  including 
the  sternomastoid  muscle  and  the  internal  jugular  vein,  was 
not  presented  before  it  was  devised  by  him ;  resuscitation  from 
recent  death  by  the  use  of  adrenalin  and  rhythmic  pressure 
was  new  also;  the  conception  of  nerve-blocking  for  the  preven- 
tion of  shock  and  the  elaboration  of  anoci-association  in  surgery 
was  new,  as  were  likewise  the  pathology  of  shock  as  represented 
by  the  changes  in  the  brain,  adrenals,  and  the  liver;  the  concep- 
tion of  the  kinetic  system  and  the  origin  of  the  emotions  and 
identification  of  the  lesions  caused  by  them. 

Dr.  William  Townsend  Porter  (Plymouth) :  Important 
Work  on  Physiology  of  Circulation.  "Measurements  of  School 
Children."    Financed  American  Journal  of  Physiology  until  191 5. 

Dr.  Frank  E.  Bunts  (Cleveland):  "Separation  of  the  Colon 
from  its  Mesentery,"  showing  that  the  colon  would  live  when 
separated  from  a  considerable  portion  of  the  mesentery  after 
resection  of  the  mesentery  to  the  gut.  Devised  a  pneumatic 
tourniquet-diverticle  of  the  cecum  following  appendectomy. 

Dr.  Edwin  G.  Conklin  (Waldo) :     Work  on  Zoology. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Baldwin  (Columbus) :  The  method  of  anchoring  the 
kidney,  for  which  I  claim  priority,  is  that  by  which  a  column 
of  muscular  tissue  is  taken  from  one  side  of  the  incision  around 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       79 

which  flaps  made  up  of  kidney  capsule  are  brought  and  sewed, 
so  as  to  secure  complete  and  permanent  anchorage.  The  making 
of  an  artificial  vagina  by  transplanting  a  piece  of  bowel,  is,  I 
think,  original  from  start  to  finish.  A  German  surgeon,  and  also 
a  Japanese  surgeon,  got  up  something  of  the  same,  or  claimed  to, 
but  I  had  fully  a  year  priority  in  point  of  publication,  and  I 
think  at  the  present  time  priority  is  conceded  to  me  by  all  the 
authors. 

Dr.  William  E.  Castle  (Alexandria,  O.)  work  on  heredity 
(1911). 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Dr.  Thomas  Cadwalader  (Philadelphia),  1708-17 79,  pub- 
lished a  classical  account  of  lead-poisoning  in  the  eighteenth 
century  (1745). 

Dr.  John  Morgan  (Philadelphia),  173 5-1 789,  and  Dr. 
William  Shippen,  Jr.,  1736-1808,  founded  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1740). 

Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  (Philadelphia),  1 736-1808,  was 
the  first  professor  of  obstetrics. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (Philadelphia),  1745-1813.  He  was  the 
first  after  Bylon  of  Java  to  describe  dengue  (1780).  He  was 
probably  the  first  to  note  that  thermal  fever  occurred  by  drinking 
cold  water  when  exhausted.  His  monograph  on  Insanity  (181 2) 
has  been  pronounced  by  Mills  to  be,  with  that  of  Isaac  Ray,  the 
only  systematic  American  treatise  on  the  subject  before  the 
year  1883.  His  paper  on  the  "Diseases  of  the  North  American 
Indians  and  Their  Vices"  was  perhaps  the  earliest  American 
contribution  to  anthropology  (1774-98).  He  contributed  much 
to  the  prestige  of  American  medicine,  being  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  the  first  to  lecture 
on  jurisprudence. 

Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  (Philadelphia),  1 760-1818,  wrote  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  ethmoid  bone  which  was  praised  by  Soemmerring.  He 
published  the  first  book  on  anatomy  in  America.  The  Wistar 
Institute  of  Anatomy  and  Biology  is  the  only  institution  of  its 


8o  EDM0ND    SOUCHON 

kind  in  America.  It  was  founded  by  General  Caspar,  the 
grandson  of  Dr.  Wistar,  in  memory  of  Dr.  Wistar. 

Dr.  Thomas  C.  James  (Philadelphia),  1 766-1835,  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  to  induce  premature  labor  for  a  contracted 
pelvis. 

Dr.  Willlam  Potts  Dewess  (Philadelphia),  1 768-1841, 
exerted  a  powerful  influence  as  professor  of  midwifery  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  Philip  Syng  Physick  (Philadelphia),  1 768-1837,  first  used 
animal  ligatures  (1816).  He  invented  the  tonsillotome  (1828). 
He  advocated  rest  in  the  treatment  of  hip-joint  disease  (1830). 
He  wras  the  first  in  this  country  to  puncture  the  head  for  hydro- 
cephalus. He  was  the  first  to  place  internal  urethrotomy  upon  a 
scientific  basis  by  designing  in  1795  a  catheter  bearing  a  concealed 
lancet  wrhich  could  be  projected  at  will.  He  was  the  originator 
of  an  operation  for  the  cure  of  artificial  anus  (1826).  He  wras  the 
first  in  this  country  to  devise  a  stomach  tube  to  remove  poison 
from  the  stomach.  He  wTas  the  father  of  American  surgery.  In 
1802  he  passed  a  seton  between  the  ends  of  an  ununited  fracture. 
He  was  the  first  to  practice  complete  and  protracted  rest  in  the 
treatment  of  affections  of  the  joints. 

Dr.  John  Rhea  Barton  (Lancaster,  Pa.),  1774-1871,  was  the 
first  to  perform  osteotomy  for  ankylosis  of  the  hip-joint  (1826). 
He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  trephine  the  vertebrae  in  cases  of 
fractures  and  dislocations.  He  was  the  first  to  wire  a  fractured 
patella.  He  was  the  first  to  describe,  in  1835,  the  fracture  of  the 
lower  extremity  of  the  radius  known  as  Barton's  fracture. 

Dr.  John  Conrad  Otto  (Philadelphia),  1 774-1884,  published 
first  paper  on  hemophilia. 

Dr.  X.  Chapman  (Philadelphia),  1 780-1853,  published  the 
first  book  on  Therapeutics  and  Internal  Medicine  in  America. 

Dr.  John  S.  Dorsey  (Philadelphia),  17 83-1 8 18,  published  the 
first  book  on  Elements  of  Surgery  in  America.  He  was  the  first  in 
America  to  ligate  the  external  iliac  for  inguinal  aneurysm  (1811). 

Dr.  William  Gibson  (Philadelphia),  1 788-1868,  wras  the  first 
in  the  wTorld  to  divide  the  muscles  of  the  eye  for  the  cure  of 
strabismus  (1842). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       8 1 

Dr.  Alexander  H.  Stevens  (Philadelphia),  1 789-1869,  first 
described  the  abnormalities  of  equilibrium  of  the  ocular  muscular 
apparatus  and  the  resulting  disturbances. 

Dr.  Samuel  Jackson  (Philadelphia),  1 790-1872,  published 
the  first  book  on  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine  in 
America. 

Dr.  Charles  D.  Meigs  (Philadelphia),  1792-1869,  first 
called  attention  to  cardiac  thrombosis  as  a  cause  of  the  sudden 
death  which  occurs  in  childbed. 

Dr.  John  Kearsley  Mitchell  (Philadelphia),  1 793-1858, 
was  the  first  to  describe  the  neurotic  spinal  arthropathies  (1831). 

Dr.  William  E.  Horner  (Philadelphia),  1 793-1853,  dis- 
covered the  muscle  of  the  eye  that  bears  his  name,  the  tensor 
tarsi  (1824).  He  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  remove  almost 
all  the  upper  jaw  without  any  external  incision  in  the  cheek.  He 
was  the  first  to  prove  that  the  rice-water  discharges  of  cholera 
were  due  to  the  stripping  of  the  epithelium  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane (1834).  He  investigated  the  odoriferous  axillary  glands 
of  the  negro,  the  muscular  tube  of  the  rectum,  and  the  mem- 
branes of  the  larynx. 

Dr.  George  McClellan  (Philadelphia),  1 796-1847,  was  the 
first  to  remove  all  the  lower  maxilla  immediately  in  front  of  the 
two  angles.    He  is  the  founder  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Isaac  Hays  (Philadelphia),  1 796-1899,  devised  a  needle 
knife  for  the  comminution  of  cataract. 

Dr.  Robert  Thompson  (Philadelphia),  1 797-1865.  discovered 
the  connection  between  astigmatism  and  posterior  staphyloma. 

Dr.  Samuel  George  Morton  (Philadelphia),  1 799-1851,  is 
best  known  as  craniologist,  paleontologist,  and  phthisiographer. 
His  book  on  Organic  Remains  is  said  to  be  the  starting-point  of 
all  systematic  study  of  American  fossils  (1834). 

Dr.  Samuel  David  Gross  (Philadelphia),  1805-1884,  first 
advocated  taking  in  the  tough  submucosa  in  the  intestinal  suture. 
Also  the  excision  of  the  axillary  lymphatic  glands  in  cancer  of  the 
breast.  He  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  establishment 
of   the   American    Surgical  Association   and   the    Philadelphia 


82  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Academy  of  Surgery.  He  published  the  first  system  of  surgery 
to  receive  widespread  attention  outside  of  our  country.  Was  the 
first  to  make  notable  experiments  on  hanging.  He  investigated 
stab  wounds  of  the  abdomen.  Performed  the  excision  of  the 
trifacial  and  spinal  nerves.  He  first  suggested  wiring  in  dis- 
locations of  the  sternoclavicular  and  acromioclavicular.  He 
wrote  the  first  exhaustive  treatise  on  Pathological  Anatomy  in 
English  (1839).  He  wrote  the  first  systematic  treatise  on 
Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Air  Passages  (1854).  He  made  many 
original  experiments  upon  the  effects  of  manual  strangulation 
(1836)  and  wounds  of  the  abdominal  walls  (1834).  He  performed 
laparotomy  for  rupture  of  the  bladder.  He  first  described 
prostatorrhea.  He  first  performed  amputation  of  the  ankle- 
joint  (1851).  In  1847  devised  a  method  of  enterectomy  for 
artificial  ends.  Dr.  Gross  was  preeminently  a  great  educator,  a 
disseminator  of  knowledge,  standing  head  and  shoulders  above 
all  others  of  his  time.  Since  his  death  no  other  one  man  has 
attained  his  greatness  in  that  line  in  the  East.  As  such  he 
fully  deserved  the  statue  erected  to  his  memory  in  Washington, 
D.  C.  He  contributed  a  number  of  eminent  pupils  and  teachers 
to  the  profession,  among  others  Dr.  T.  G.  Richardson,  of  the 
Old  University  of  Louisiana  in  New  Orleans.  Dr.  Gross  said 
that  his  greatest  contribution  to  medicine  was  his  son  Samuel 
Weissel  Gross. 

Drs.  Joseph  Pancoast  and  D.  S.  Gross  (Philadelphia),  were 
the  first  in  the  world  to  render  limbs  bloodless  before  subjecting 
them  to  operation. 

Dr.  Joseph  Pancoast  (Philadelphia),  1805-188 2,  performed 
the  first  successful  plastic  operation  for  the  relief  of  exstrophy  of 
the  bladder  (1858).  He  was  the  first  to  practice  subcutaneous 
division  of  the  stricture  in  strangulation  of  hernia.  He  is  entitled 
to   great   credit   for    rhinoplastic   operations. 

Dr.  George  Clark  (Philadelphia):  In  1806  he  reported  a 
case  of  uterine  pregnancy  in  which  the  head  of  the  child  presented 
in  the  rectum;  he  passed  his  entire  hand  into  the  bowel  and 
seizing  the  head  extracted  it. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       83 

Dr.  Cuning  Bedford  (Philadelphia),  1806-1870,  was  the  first 
to  use  a  patient  in  gynecological  teaching,  taking  a  woman  in 
the  amphitheater  and  using  the  speculum. 

Dr.  William  W.  Gerhard,  1809-187 2,  and  M.  Rufz  (Phila- 
delphia), were  the  first  to  point  out  the  connection  of  hydro- 
cephalus with  tubercles  of  the  pia  mater  (1833).  Differentiated 
typhus   and   typhoid    (1837). 

Dr.  Thomas  Mutter  (Philadelphia),  1811-1859,  was  the 
founder  of  the  Mutter  Museum  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Henry  H.  Smith  (Philadelphia),  18 15,  was  the  first 
to  treat  disunited  fractures  by  artificial  limbs. 

Dr.  Isaac  E.  Taylor  (Philadelphia),  1817-1889,  first  called 
attention  to  the  causation  of  exophthalmos  and  enlargement  of 
the  thyroid  by  excessive  lactation. 

Dr.  David  H.  Agnew  (Philadelphia),  1818-1892,  was  the 
first  to  lacerate  an  opaque  capsule  of  the  lens.  Also  devised  an 
operation  for  divergent  strabismus. 

Dr.  Thomas  G.  Morton  (Philadelphia),  1835-1903,  was  the 
first  to  ligate  the  subclavian  artery  between  the  two  scalene 
muscles.  He  was  the  first  to  excise  the  perineal  nerve  in  a  case 
of  vaginal  neuralgia.  He  devised  a  ward  carriage  and  a  hospital 
carriage.     In  1876  he  first  described  metatarsalgia. 

Dr.  Joseph  Leldy  (Philadelphia),  1823-1891,  published 
"Fresh  Water  Rhizopods  of  North  America,"  which  is  one  of 
our  biological  classics.  He  discovered  the  bacterial  flora  of  the 
intestines  and  made  the  first  experiments  on  the  transplantation 
of  malignant  tumors. 

Dr.  Milton  Antony  (1 789-1839)  was  the  first  to  perform 
extensive  excisions  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  ribs  for  gangrene  of  the 
lungs. 

Dr.  Harris  (Philadelphia),  in  1825,  first  insisted  upon  fixation 
and  extension  in  the  management  of  inflamed  joints. 

Dr.  Theodore  G.  Wormley  (Philadelphia),  1826-1897.  His 
book  on  Microchemistry  of  Poisons  is  distinguished  around  the 
world  for  its  thoroughness  and  accuracy  (1867). 


84  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Deveze  (Philadelphia),  1828,  was  the  first  to  state  that 
yellow  fever  was  not  contagious. 

Dr.  Samuel  Weissel  Gross  (Philadelphia),  1831-1889,  was 
the  first  to  excise  nearly  two  inches  of  the  spinal  accessory  nerve. 
He  performed  tenotomy  of  the  sternocleidomastoid  muscle  for 
torticollis. 

Dr.  Silas  Weir  Mitchell  (Philadelphia),  1830-1914,  was 
the  first  in  America  to  investigate  serpent  venoms  (1870-86) 
With  Edward  T.  Reichert  he  isolated  the  diffusible  globulins 
of  the  venoms.  In  1869  he  pointed  out  the  coordinating  functions 
of  the  cerebellum,  and  with  Morris  J.  Lewis  demonstrated  that 
the  knee-jerk  can  be  reinforced  by  sensory  stimulation  (1886). 
He  was  the  first  to  describe  erythromelalgia  or  red  neuralgia 
(1872-8).  He  was,  with  William  Thomson,  in  1874,  the  first  to 
emphasize  the  importance  of  eye-strain  as  a  cause  of  headache. 
"Venom  of  the  Rattlesnake."  "Respiration  in  Chelonia. " 
"Discovery  of  the  Physiological  Spasm  of  the  Larynx  in  Chel- 
onia." "Effects  of  Reflex  Paralysis."  "Use  of  Atropin  for 
Spastic  Cases."  "First  Records  of  Ascending  Neuritis." 
"Antagonism  of  Morphin  and  Atropin."  "Injuries  of  Nerves 
and  Their  Consequences."  "Advocated  the  Use  of  Nitrate  of 
Amyl  to  Abort  Epileptic  Attacks. "  "Description  of  the  Disease 
Called  Erythromelalgia."  "Snake  Poison"  (with  Professor 
Rheinhert).  "Rest  Cure  in  Which  Debilitated  Patients  and 
Nervous  Wrecks  Are  Kept  in  Bed  and  Are  Placed  on  Special 
Diets."  Was  among  the  first  to  show  that  a  relation  between 
certain  derangements  of  the  spine  and  swelling  of  the  joints 
exists.  First  proved  that  as  there  is  a  postchoreal  paralysis  so 
also  there  is  a  postparalytic  chorea. 

Drs.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  and  Thomson  (Philadelphia)  dis- 
covered the  part  played  by  errors  of  refraction  in  the  production  of 
nervous  symptoms,  and  especially  of  headaches. 

Dr.  Jacob  M.  DaCosta  (Philadelphia),  1833-1900,  first 
described  the  irritable  heart  in  soldiers  (1862-71).  He  first  called 
attention  to  the  advantage  of  forced  respiration  on  the  part  of  the 
patient  as  an  aid  to  the  physician  in  diagnosing  diseases  of  the 
chest  (188  s). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       85 

Professor  Reichert  (Philadelphia):  Work  on  "Stereo- 
chemistry of  Starches/'  etc. 

Dr.  E.  Dyer  (Pittsburg)  instituted  the  gymnastic  treatment 
of  asthenopia. 

Dr.  Frank  F.  Maury  (Philadelphia),  1840-18 7 9,  was  the  first 
to  perform  gastrotomy  for  the  relief  of  suffering  caused  by  organic 
stricture-  of  the  esophagus.  In  1837  he  was  the  first  to  resect 
the  brachial  plexus  of  nerves  for  the  relief  of  neuralgia.  He  was 
the  first  to  amputate  at  the  shoulder-joint. 

Dr.  William  Pepper  (Philadelphia),  1843-1898,  first  de- 
scribed the  changes  in  the  bone  marrow  in  pernicious  anemia 

(1875). 

Dr.  John  L.  and  Washington  L.  Atlee  (Philadelphia), 
1 843-1 883,  gave  a  great  impetus  to  ovariotomy. 

Dr.  Walter  (Pittsburg).  In  1857  excised  portion  of  one  or 
more  ribs  for  drainage  in  empyema.  This  is  also  claimed  for 
Antony  in  1821  and  by  Stone,  of  New  Orleans. 

Dr.  Pennock  (Philadelphia):  In  1850  was  the  first  to  adapt 
a  rubber  tube  to  the  stethoscope. 

Dr.  Hugh  L.  Hodge:  In  1864  he  was  the  first  to  cause  pre- 
mature labor  for  ossification  of  the  bones  of  the  head.  He 
devised  the  forceps  that  bear  his  name,  and  which  were  used  for 
many  years  as  the  best.    He  devised  Hodge's  pessary. 

Dr.  William  Hunt  (Philadelphia),  in  1862,  introduced  the 
use  of  sand-bags  in  the  treatment  of  fractures. 

Dr.  Theophilus  Parvin  (Philadelphia),  in  1867,  first  closed 
a  ureterovaginal  fistula  by  first  turning  the  displaced  distal 
extremity  of  the  ureter  into  the  bladder  and  then  closing  the 
vaginal  opening. 

Dr.  J.  G.  Allen  (Philadelphia),  in  1872,  was  the  first  to 
use  a  very  powerful  galvanic  current  to  destroy  the  extra-uterine 
pregnancy  fetus. 

Dr.  J.  Ewing  Mears  (Philadelphia),  in  1875,  was  the  first  to 
open  the  abdomen  and  wash  it  out  in  cases  of  peritonitis. 

Dr.  Marks  (Philadelphia),  in  1893,  was  the  first  to  suture  a 
heart  wound. 


86  EDMOND    SOUCHOX 

Dr.  George  Clark  (Philadelphia)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was 
the  first  to  operate  a  case  of  ectopic  uterine  pregnancy  through 
the  rectum. 

Dr.  Francis  X.  Dercum  (Philadelphia)  described  painful 
obesity  (1882). 

Dr.  Thomas  Harris  (Philadelphia)  (deceased,  no  dates),  was 
the  first  in  this  country  to  amputate  the  tongue. 

Dr.  Albert  W.  Waters  (Pittsburg)  (deceased,  no  dates) 
was  the  first  to  perform  laparotomy  for  rupture  of  the  bladder. 

Dr.  Joseph  K.  Swift  (Easton)  (deceased,  no  dates)  was  the 
first  to  use  an  extension  apparatus  for  the  treatment  of  fractures. 

Dr.  Fahnestock  (Lancaster)  (deceased,  no  dates)  has  also 
invented  a  tonsillotome  superior  to  that  of  Physick  in  general 
use  on  the  continent. 

Dr.  J.  Solis  Cohen  (Philadelphia)  contributed  considerably 
to  place  the  science  of  laryngology  and  rhinology  upon  a  firm 
scientific  basis  in  America  and  Europe.  Wrote  first  American 
book  on  Throat  Diseases  (1872).  First  described  vasomotor 
ataxia;  gave  equivalent  of  vagotonia  and  sympatheticotonia 
(1892). 

Dr.  Joseph  Price  (Philadelphia),  took  a  prominent  and 
original  part  in  the  treatment  of  pelvic  inflammatory  diseases,  as 
he  dictated  the  practice  not  only  of  America  but  to  some  extent 
of  the  entire  world.  He  contributed  considerably  to  the  diagnosis 
and  treatment  of  ectopic  pregnancy. 

Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Baer  (Philadelphia),  ligated  en  masse  the 
uterine  and  ovarian  arteries  preliminary  to  operate  for  hysterec- 
tomy or  fibroids  of  the  uterus. 

Dr.  George  H.  Noble  (Philadelphia)  has  devised  the  libera- 
tion and  displacement  downward  of  the  rectum  itself,  in  perineal 
operations  to  make  up  the  deficit  and  obviate  the  need  of  placing 
suture  on  the  bowel  side.  He  wrote  the  best  history  of  fibroid 
tumors. 

Drs.  R.  L.  Dickinson  and  J.  Lecomte  (Philadelphia)  have 
introduced  the  special  direct  suture  of  the  sphincter  muscles  in 
perineal  operations. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       87 

Dr.  Allen  J.  Smith  (Philadelphia):  1886,  "Isolation  of  a 
New  Chromogenic  Bacillus,  B.  ceruleus  (Pseudomonas  Smithii 
Chester)."  1890,  "Formulation  of  an  Iron-hematoxylin  Stain." 
"Suggestion  of  an  Organogenic  Influence  upon  Metastatic 
Tumors  by  the  Organs  in  Which  they  Develop. "  1894,  "Recog- 
nition of  Dysenteric  Amebas  in  Urine  of  a  Case  of  Acute  Cystitis. " 
1895,  "Recognition  of  Ova  of  Hookworms  in  Fecal  Discharge 
from  Residents  of  Texas."  (See  article  by  C.  M.  Schaeffer.) 
1 901,  "Description  of  a  Previously  Unreported  Anaerobic 
Spore-forming  Bacillus  in  Pus  of  Amebic  Abscess  of  Liver." 
"Recognition  of  Hookworms  in  Eight  Medical  Students  in 
Galveston,  Texas,  Establishing  Endemicity  of  Uncinariasis  in 
Continental  United  States."  1904,  "Recognition  of  a  Sub- 
stance Inhibiting  Coagulation  of  Blood  in  Head  Glands  of  Uncin- 
aria  Canina."  (With  L.  Loeb.)  "  Recognition  of  New  Species 
of  Human  Parasite. "  "Ascaris  Texana. "  (WithR.  A.  Goeth). 
"Description  of  Part  Taken  by  Cardiac  Muscle  in  Regenerative 
Process  in  the  Heart  Wall."  1905,  "Description  of  Striking 
Histological  Changes  in  Thymus  and  Elsewhere  in  a  Case  of 
Congenital  Hypotonia."  1908,  "Proposal  of  New  Species  of 
Parasites  in  Lower  Animals,  as  follows:  Tenia  paradoxuria, 
Cotugnia  browni,  Ascaris  aqueillae,  Ascaris  ardeae,  Oxyuris 
microtyphlon,  Spiroptera  incerta,  Spiroptera  (?)  iguanas,  Dis- 
pharagus  ardeae."  (With  Herbert  Fox  and  C.  Y.  White.) 
"Description  of  Peculiar  Blastomycetoid  Organisms  in  Two 
Cases  of  Nodular  Parasitic  Conjunctivitis."  (With  W.  C. 
Posey,  J.  T.  Carpenter,  and  C.  M.  Hosmer.)  These  are  prob- 
ably identical  or  closely  allied  to  rhinosporon.  1909,  "Proposal 
of  New  Species  of  Ciliate,  Opalinopsis  nucleolobata.  Parasite  in 
Liver  of  Coyote."  (With  Herbert  Fox.)  1910,  "Proposal  of 
New  Species  of  Human  Endameba,  Endameba  Mortinatalium. " 
(With  F.  D.  Weidman.)  "Proposal  of  New  Species  of  Filarial 
Parasite.  Filaria  mitchelli,  Found  in  Gila  Monster  and  in  Ticks. " 
"Production  of  Eosinophilic  Granules  in  Leukocytes  in  Vitro." 
(With  F.  S.  Mullin  and  D.  Rivas.)  1912,  "Recognition  of 
Paragonimus  westermani  in  Wild  Cats  of  Eastern  Costal  Region 


55  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

of  United  States."  (With  H.  Fox,  F.  D.  Weidman,  and  D. 
Rivas.)  "Recognition  of  the  Bacteriemic  Nature  of  Leprosy." 
(With  D.  Rivas.)  1913,  "Demonstration  of  Transmissibility 
of  Lepra  Bacilli  by  Bed-bug."  (With  K.  M.  Lynch  and  D. 
Rivas.)  "Demonstration  of  Growth  Influences  of  Internal 
Secretion  of  Testicle  (Confirmatory  of  Walker's  Original  Observa- 
tions)." (With  W.  J.  Crocker.)  1914,  "Description  of  Inflam- 
matory Factor  in  Erosion  of  Tissues  by  Aneurysm."  "Recog- 
nition of  Pathogenic  Importance  of  Oral  Endamebae  in  Produc- 
tion of  Pyorrhea  Alveolaris,  Proposal  of  Emetin  as  Remedy 
in  Amebic  Pyorrhea."  (With  M.  T.  Barrett.)  "Recognition 
of  Oral  Endamebae  in  Tonsils  and  Suggestion  of  Their  Impor- 
tance in  Various  Systemic  Complications  and  in  Adjacent  Local 
Inflammations."  (With  W.  S.  Middleton  and  M.  T.  Barrett.) 
"Revision  of  Various  Oral  and  Endamebae,  with  recognition  of 
Endameba  gingivalis  (Gross,  1849)  and  Endameba  pyogenes 
Verdum  and  Bryant,  1907."  (With  M.  T.  Barrett.)  He  con- 
tributed considerably  to  the  establishment  of  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Texas  at  Galveston. 

Dr.  Jarvis  (Philadelphia)  first  discovered  the  part  played  in 
nasal  obstruction  by  enlargement  of  the  turbinated  bones.  He 
invented  the  Jarvis  snare. 

Dr.  George  M.  Gould  (Philadelphia) :  All  the  more  common 
symptoms  of  migraine  are  clinically  caused  by  eye-strain  and 
curable  by  scientific  spectacles.  "Cyclopegia  as  a  Diagnostic 
Method  of  Proving,  by  the  General  Practitioner,  whether 
Migraine  is  Due  to  Eye-strain  or  Not,"  was  urged  by  me  as 
early  as  1886.  If  the  systemic  symptoms  of  migraine  disap- 
pear with  the  instillation  of  atropin,  then  correct  glasses  will 
permanently  cure,  and  as  quickly.  "Other  Diseases  Commonly 
Unrecognized  as  of  Ocular  Origin,  such  as  Chorea,  Neurasthenia, 
Dyspepsia,  Cardiac  Palpitation,  Aphonia,  Nocturnal  Enuresis, 
Epilepsy,  Insanity,  Lateral  Curvature  of  the  Spine,"  etc.,  were 
added  in  the  years  since  1886,  as  usually  caused  by  eye-strain. 
The  frequent  eye-strain  origin  of  cataract,  glaucoma,  iritis,  and 
other  ocular  diseases  has  long  been  advocated  by  me.  "The 
Homing  Instinct."    The  probable  origin  of  the  ability  of  animals 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       89 

to  return  over  long  and  unknown  distances  and  routes  was 
explained  by  me  in  1888,  on  the  theory  that  it  is  effected  by 
means  of  a  living  mechanism  in  the  brain  which  reacts  in  every 
part  of  the  world,  as  shown  by  the  direction  and  dip  of  the 
magnetic  needle.  "Cemented  Bifocal  Spectacle  Lenses"  were 
devised  and  descriptions  published  by  me  in  1888,  and  have 
been  used  all  over  the  world  since.  "Why  Eye-strain  is  such  a 
Frequent  and  Powerful  Cause  on  Reflex  Systemic  Diseases." 
"Test-cards  for  the  Oculist,  with  Black  Background  and  White 
Letters,"  were  made  by  me  in  1897.  "A  Mechanism  of  Graded 
Prisms,  in  Double  Series,  for  Diagnosing  Muscle-imbalance  of 
the  Eyes  (Heterophoria) ,  Correlated  with  a  Method  of  Treat- 
ing the  Morbid-muscle-imbalances  by  Means  of  '  Prism-gymnas- 
tics'," were  devised  by  me  in  1895.  "The  Law  of  the  Increase 
and  Decrease  of  Body  Weight  as  Productive  of  Changes  in 
Ametropia,"  was  set  forth  by  me  in  1897.  "Periodical  Medi- 
cal Examinations"  were  first  advised  and  described  by  me  in 
1900,  and  again  in  1904,  as  necessary  for  the  scientific  conduct 
of  life.  "The  Origins  and  Relations  of  Righteyedness  and  Right- 
handedness  and  of  Lefteyedness  and  Lef thandedness  "  were  first 
set  forth  by  me  in  1904.  The  questions  relating  to  the  eye-strain 
origin  of  the  writing  posture,  and  the  lateral  spinal  curvature 
and  "the  Rule  of  the  Road"  were  subsequently  treated.  "The 
Eye-strain  Origin  of  the  Ill-health,  Invalidism,  and  Inefficiency 
of  Many  Men  of  Genius."  My  contributions  on  this  subject 
were  begun  under  the  title,  "Biographic  Clinics."  Six  volumes 
of  these  studies  include  the  case-histories  of  the  lives  of  more 
than  a  score  of  the  world's  great  literateurs,  musicians,  scien- 
tists, etc.  "  Ophthalmovascular  Choke."  The  pathogenic  fac- 
tor is  the  crossing  of  the  trunks  of  one  or  more  retinal  arteries 
or  veins  in  such  positions  and  manners  that  the  blood  circula- 
tion and  supply  to  the  macula  region  is  lessened,  and  the  nutri- 
tion so  reduced,  by  the  damming,  that  quickly  fading  image, 
amblyopia,  and  retinal  exhaustion,  result. 

Dr.  J.  William  White  (Philadelphia)  (deceased):    "Appendi- 
citis."    This  paper  called  attention  for  the  first  time,  I  believe,  to 


90  EDMOXD    SOUCHOX 

the  lesser  mortality  in  cases  of  appendicitis  attended  by  diarrhea  as 
compared  with  the  mortality  in  those  cases  attended  by  constipa- 
tion. "Antiseptic  Surgery."  This  paper  made  public  for  the 
first  time  the  results  of  a  series  of  operative  cases  under  the  use 
of  the  double  or  mixed  cyanide  of  mercury  and  zinc.  It  was 
an  important  step  in  the  history  of  the  development  of  antiseptic 
surgery.  Lord  Lister  was  using  it  in  London  and  had  given  it 
to  me  confidentially.  His  own  assistants  were  not  at  that  time 
aware  of  the  composition  of  the  antiseptic  he  was  employing. 
'■'Dislocation  of  the  Tendon  of  the  Long  Head  of  the  Biceps." 
This  paper  was  the  first  systematic  analysis,  based  on  the  clin- 
ical facts,  of  the  symptoms  of  dislocation  of  the  tendon  of  the 
long  head  of  the  biceps.  "Use  of  Living  Bones."  This  was  the 
first  time  living  bone  was  used  in  this  country  as  a  bond  of  union 
after  excision.  ''Epilepsy."  The  first  time  that  local  topical 
treatment  was  applied  directly  to  the  affected  nerve  center  in 
cases  of  focal  or  Jacksonian  epilepsy.  "Fractures  Ununited." 
I  think  this  was  the  first  time  in  which  metal  plates  were  used  in 
cases  of  ununited  fracture.  Of  this  I  am  not  certain.  "Influ- 
enza," paper  gives  clinical  evidence  of  the  contagiousness  of 
influenza  and  advanced  a  new  original  theory  as  to  the  effect  of 
the  enlarged  bronchial  lymph  nodes  on  the  pseudopneumonic 
symptoms  of  that  disease.  "The  Supposed  Curative  Effect  of 
Operations  per  se."  was  certainly  the  first  paper  in  which  a 
possible  curative  effect  resulting  from  operation  itself  was  sug- 
gested and  studied.  " Hypertrophy  of  the  Prostate."  Was 
the  first  time  that  orchidectomy  for  enlarged  prostate  was  sug- 
gested to  the  profession.  "Urethral  Stricture."  The  first  paper 
in  which  attention  was  called  to  the  resistance  offered  to  the  with- 
drawal of  bulbous  bougies  in  normal  urethra  by  a  constriction 
at  or  near  the  deep  layer  of  perineal  fascia.  This  resistance  had 
previously  led  to  the  erroneous  diagnosis  of  stricture  in  hundreds 
of  cases.    My  position  was  demonstrated  by  dissection. 

Dr.  Charles  De  M.  Sajotjs  published  first  treatise  on  disor- 
ders of  internal  secretions  ^1903)  with  his  own  theory  of  the 
same. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       9 1 

Dr.  Joseph  Richardson  (Philadelphia)  discovered  that  human 
erythrocytes,  can  be  distinguished  with  certainty  from  the 
corresponding  cells  of  nearly  all  lower  animals. 

Dr.  Gwilym  G.  Davis  (Philadelphia)  was  the  first  to  start  a 
study  museum  of  anatomy  in  America. 

Dr.  Milton  J.  Rosenau  (Philadelphia) :  Work  on  Anaphy- 
laxis; treatise  on  Hygiene. 

Philadelphia  is  the  cradle  of  American  Dentistry. 

Dr.  Ross  G.  Harrison  (Germantown)  gave  final  proof  of 
the  neuron  theory  by  demonstrating  ameboid  outgrowth  of 
nerve  fiber-spore  cells  in  an  extravital  culture  (1910),  which  he 
was  the  first  to  employ. 

SOUTH   CAROLINA 

Dr.  Joseph  Glover  (Charleston),  1801,  was  the  first  to 
remove  the  spleen.  In  1813  he  was  the  first  to  perform  hysterec- 
tomy (through  an  abdominal  incision  ?). 

Dr.  John  King  (Edisto  Island),  1813-1893,  was  the  first  in  a 
case  of  extra-uterine  pregnancy  to  cut  through  the  walls  of  the 
vagina,  apply  the  forceps,  and  extract  the  child  (1816). 

Dr.  Benjamin  B.  Simmons  (Charleston),  18 26-1891,  was  the 
first  to  operate  for  abscess  of  the  brain. 

Dr.  Robert  A.  Kendrick  (Charleston),  1826-1891,  was  the 
first  to  treat  fractures  of  the  lower  jaw  by  metallic  suture. 

Dr.  R.  A.  Kinloch  (Charleston),  in  1863,  deliberately  opened 
the  belly  of  a  wounded  soldier  in  order  to  repair  internal  abdom- 
inal injuries  arising  from  a  penetrating  gunshot  wound;  the 
patient  recovered.  He  was  the  first  to  suture  a  fracture  of  the 
lower  maxilla. 

Dr.  W.  C.  Norwood  (deceased,  no  dates)  ardently  advocated 
the  employment  of  veratrum  viride. 

TENNESSEE 

Dr.  Wm.  Deadrick  (Athens),  1 773-1858,  was  the  first  in  the 
world  to  successfully  remove  the  lower  jaw  (left),  1810. 


92  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Paul  F.  Eve  (Nashville),  1806-1878,  was  the  first  to 
remove  a  large  fibroid  polypus  from  the  base  of  the  cranium 
through  the  hard  and  soft  palates  (1836).  Meigs  gives  him  the 
credit  of  being  the  first  American  to  excise  the  uterus  in  situ. 

Dr.  George  R.  Livermore  (Memphis) :  Discovery  that  qui- 
nin  administered  to  patients  suffering  from  either  acute  or 
chronic  gonorrhea  renders  their  case  well-nigh  incurable. 
"Livermore  Operation  for  Anuria."  Opening  through  the  cor- 
tex and  packing  the  pelvis  of  the  kidney  with  gauze  saturated 
with  10  per  cent,  ichthyol  and  glycerin.  "Modification  of  Dr. 
Eaton's  Follicular  Syringe  Needle." 

VERMONT 

Dr.  A.  D.  Bush  (Burlington)  demonstrated  by  scientific 
observations  and  experiments  on  students  that  the  use  of  tobacco 
produces  a  10  per  cent,  mental  deficiency. 

VIRGINIA 

Dr.  William  Baynham  (Virginia),  1 749-1814,  first  operated 
for  extra-uterine  pregnancy  (1790-99). 

Dr.  John  S.  D.  Cullen  (Richmond),  183 2-1 893.  Experi- 
mental treatment  of  necrosed  bones  with  sulphuric  acid. 

Dr.  Hunter  McGuire  (Richmond) :  In  1868  he  was  the  first 
after  A.  Cooper  to  ligate  the  aorta  for  aneurysm  of  the  iliacs. 

Dr.  Eugene  L.  Opie  (Staunton) :  Work  on  pancreatic  diabetes. 

Dr.  J.  Sheldon  Horsley  (Richmond):  " Surgical  Repair  of 
Bloodvessels."  A  new  operation  for  the  end-to-end  union  of 
bloodvessels,  together  with  a  report  of  the  experimental  work 
that  has  been  done  to  establish  this  operation.  "Surgical  Treat- 
ment of  Congenital  Hydrocephalus."  New  method  for  the  sur- 
gical treatment  of  hydrocephalus  which,  briefly,  consists  in 
draining  the  lateral  ventricle  through  a  silver  cannula  for  a 
period  of  weeks  or  months  and  afterward  making  the  fistula 
communicate  with  the  subarachnoid  space.  "Experimental 
Transplantation  of  Intestine."     "The  Results  of  Experimental 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       93 

Transplantation  of  Intestine,  together  with  a  New  Method  of 
Making  Intestinal  Union  with  Sutures."  "Experimental 
Devascularization  of  Intestine."  Attempts  were  made  to  demon- 
strate that  several  inches  of  the  intestine  could  be  devascularized 
in  a  dog  and  its  nutrition  taken  care  of  by  suturing  the  omentum 
carefully  around  it.  "A  New  Method  of  Lateral  Anastomosis 
of  Bloodvessels  and  an  Operation  for  the  Cure  of  Arteriovenous 
Aneurysm."  "Transplantation  of  the  Anterior  Temporal 
Artery."  Occasionally  defects  of  the  cheek  are  exceedingly 
extensive  and  sometimes  require  a  lining  in  the  mouth  as  well  as 
external  covering.  In  such  instances,  Dr.  Horsley  recommends 
that  a  flap  be  turned  up  from  the  neck  so  that  the  skin  side  will 
line  the  oral  cavity,  and  that  a  flap  be  taken  from  the  forehead, 
which  is  supplied  by  the  anterior  temporal  artery.  This  artery 
is  carefully  dissected  out,  including  some  surrounding  tissue, 
and  is  buried  under  an  incision  leading  from  the  origin  of  the 
artery  to  the  site  of  the  defect.  This  incision  should  not  be 
too  deep,  as  it  might  then  injure  the  branches  of  the  facial  nerve. 
The  flap  should  be  sutured  loosely  so  as  to  permit  slight  oozing 
which  relieves  passive  hyperemia.  The  cause  of  failure  with  such 
a  flap  would  be  having  too  much  nutrition  and  not  too  little. 

Dr.  Robert  B.  Bean  (Gala  Water) :  Branches  of  the  sub- 
clavian artery  differ  in  the  two  sides  of  the  body.  Peculiarities 
of  the  negro  brain.  There  are  three  types  of  forms  of  ears  of  every 
group  of  men  and  women  in  the  world.  The  nose  form  likewise 
may  be  divided  into  three  groups  throughout  the  world.  Pecu- 
liarities of  Filipino  types.  Heredity  in  ear  forms.  Law  of  Alter- 
ation in  Development.  Eruption  of  the  Permanent  Teeth. 
Six  types,  in  pairs,  the  two  of  which  resemble  each  other,  make 
up  the  morphological  units  of  mankind.  Machine  to  measure 
outlines  of  the  heads  and  faces  of  the  living. 

Dr.  Henry  Sewall  (Winchester) :     Work  in  Physiology. 

WISCONSIN 

Dr.  Erastus  B.  Wolcott  (Milwaukee),  performed  the  first 
nephrotomy  (1861). 


94  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

COMMENTS 

The  number  of  States  which  have  furnished  original  contribu- 
tors is  30.  The  number  of  original  contributors  from  all  the 
States  is  approximately  415. 

The  number  of  original  contributions  furnished  by  all  the 
States  is  approximately  645. 

The  number  of  practical  contributions  is  approximately  90 
per  cent,  surgical  against  10  per  cent,  medical. 

The  States  which  have  furnished  the  largest  number  of  orig- 
inal contributors  are  approximately:  New  York,  125;  Pennsyl- 
vania, 78;  Massachusetts,  32;  Louisiana,  26;  United  States 
Army  Corps,  25;  Illinois,  21;  Maryland,  20;  Ohio,  12. 

The  States  which  have  furnished  the  largest  original  contri- 
butions are  approximately:  New  York,  233;  Pennsylvania,  230; 
Maryland,  84;  Louisiana,  83;  Massachusetts,  58;  Illinois,  52; 
United  States  Army  Corps,  38;  Minnesota,  27;  Ohio,  25;  Ala- 
bama, 24;  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  17;  Virginia, 
16;  California,  n;  Washington  City,  11. 

The  original  contributions  which  have  been  adopted  by  the 
profession  are  approximately:  Alabama,  23;  Arkansas,  1;  Cali- 
fornia, 4;  Colorado,  3;  Connecticut,  11;  United  States  Public 
Health  Service,  18;  United  States  Army  Corps,  49;  Washington 
City,  n;  Georgia,  6;  Illinois,  45;  Indiana,  2;  Iowa,  1;  Kentucky, 
5;  Louisiana,  42;  Maryland,  57;  Massachusetts,  52;  Michigan,  1; 
Minnesota,  22;  Missouri,  4;  New  Hampshire,  4;  New  York,  148; 
Ohio,  20;  Pennsylvania,  118;  South  Carolina,  6;  Tennessee,  2; 
Vermont,  1;  Virginia,  8;  Wisconsin,  2. 

The  dual  and  plural  claims  to  priority  are: 

"For  the  Removal  of  the  Upper  Jaw:"  Jameson,  of  Maryland, 
1 778-1885;  Wood,  of  New  York,  1856;  Wm.  H.  Kendrick,  of 
Athens,  Tenn.,  1773-1858;  Daniel  L.  Rogers,  New  York,  1856. 

"For  the  Resection  of  the  Lower  Jaw:"  Mott,  of  New  York, 
1785-1865;  Wood,  of  New  York,  1856. 

"For  the  Removal  of  the  Clavicle  and  Scapula  with  the 
Upper  Extremity:"  Amos  Twitchell,   New  Hampshire,    1781- 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OR  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       95 

1850;  Dixi  Crosby,  Dartmouth,  1801-1873;  Richard  Bayley, 
New  York,  1 745-1801. 

"For  Resection  of  Head  of  Humerus:"  Edward  Warren, 
Baltimore,  1871;  John  Collins  Warren,  Boston,  1778-1856. 

"For  Amputation  at  the  Shoulder-joint:"  John  Warren, 
Boston,  1753-1815;  F.  F.  Maury,  New  York,  1837. 

"For  Amputation  at  Ankle- joint : "  S.  D.  Gross,  Philadelphia; 
John  S.  Billings,  United  States  Army  Corps. 

"For  Resection  of  Elbow-joint : "  John  Collins  Warren,  Boston, 
1 778-1856;  James  Mann. 

"For  Resection  of  Ribs  for  Empyema:"  Warren  Stone,  of 
New  Orleans,  1808-1892;  and  Walter,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.  (No 
dates.) 

"For  the  Resection  of  the  Great  Trochanter  and  Head  of  the 
Femur:"  Willard  Parker,  New  York,  1800-1884;  Lewis  A.  Sayre, 
New  York,  1820-1900;  John  Rhea  Barton,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1774- 
1871;  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  Boston,  1818-1890. 

"For  the  Drilling  of  Bones  to  Wire  Fractures:"  Daniel 
Brainard;  J.  Kearney  Rodgers,  New  York,  1 793-1851. 

"For  Extension  Apparatus  for  Fractures:"  Gurdon  Buck, 
New  York,  1807-1877;  Joseph  K.  Swift,  Philadelphia,  (no  dates); 
Daniel,  Georgia,  18 19. 

"For  Strips  of  Plaster  in  Fractures:"  Gurdon  Buck,  New 
York,  1807-1877;  J.  K.  Swift,  Easton,  Pa.;  Lewis  A.  Sayre, 
New  York. 

"For  Reduction  of  Dislocations  by  Manipulation:"  Nathan 
Ryno  Smith,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1789-1865;  Wm.  W.  Reid, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1885. 

"For  Section  of  the  Masseter  Muscle  for  Ankylosis  of  the 
Lower  Jaw:"  James  M.  Carnochan,  New  York,  1817-1887,  and 
Valentine  Mott,  New  York,  1785-1865;  J.  W.  Schmidt,  New 
Orleans,  1842. 

"For  the  Treatment  of  Aneurysms  by  Compression:"  Jona- 
than Wright,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  1789-1805;  Warren  Stone, 
New  Orleans,  La.,  1808-1872;  Jonathan  Wright,  Boston,  Mass., 
1847. 


96  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

"For  Animal  Ligatures:"  Philip  Syng  Physick,  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  1768-1837;  Horatio  G.  Jameson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1778-1855. 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  Common  Carotid  in  Continuity:" 
Mason  Fitch  Cogswell,  Hartford,  Conn.,  1761-1830;  Wright 
Post,  New  York,  1 766-1822;  Amos  Twitchell,  New  Hampshire, 
1781-1850. 

"For  the  Simultaneous  Ligation  of  the  Common  Carotid  on 
Both  Sides:"  James  M.  Carnochan,  New  York,  1817-1887; 
Valentine  Mott,  New  York,  1785-1865;  Reuben  D.  Mussey, 
Baltimore,  Md.,  1 780-1866  (after  an  interval) ;  Levi  Lane  Cooper, 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  1 833-1 902. 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  Subclavian  Outside  the  Scalenes:" 
Wright  Post,  New  York,  1766-1822;  J.  Kearney  Rogers,  New 
York,  1793-1851;  Willard  Parker,  New  York,  1800-1884. 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  Common  Iliac:"  Valentine  Mott, 
New  York,  1785-1865;  Gibson,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1788-1868; 
Sands,  New  York  (no  dates). 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  Internal  Iliac:"  Valentine  Mott,  New 
York,  1785-1865;  Watson,  New  York,  1847. 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  External  Iliac:"  Valentine  Mott, 
New  York,  1785-1865;  John  S.  Dorsey,  Philadelphia,  1783-1818. 

"For  the  Ligation  of  the  Femoral  for  Aneurysm:"  Wright 
Post,  New  York,  1766-1822;  James  M.  Carnochan,  New  York, 
1817-1887. 

"For  Ligation  of  the  Femoral  to  Arrest  Inflammation:" 
Henry  Fraser  Campbell,  Augusta,  Ga.,  1824-1891;  Henry  M. 
Onderbank,  New  York,  18 13. 

"For  the  Removal  of  Polypus  through  the  Hard  Palate:" 
Dr.  John  Collins  Warren,  Boston,  1778-1856  (?);  Dr.  Paul  F. 
Eve,  Tennessee. 

"For  Difference  between  Membranous  Croup  and  Diph- 
theria:" Dr.  Richard  Bayley,  New  York,  1 748-1801;  Dr.  John 
Ware,  Boston,  1 795-1864. 

"For  Eye-strain  as  a  Cause  of  Migraine  and  Systemic  Dis- 
turbances:" S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Philadelphia,  1832-1914;  George 
M.  Gould,  Philadelphia;  John  Green,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (no  dates). 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       97 

"For  Strabismus:"  Willard  Parker,  New  York,  1800-1884; 
Gibson,  New  York,  1842. 

"For  Irritable  Heart  of  Soldiers:"  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Phila- 
delphia, 1833-1914;  Jacob  M.  Da  Costa,  Philadelphia,  1 833-1900. 

"For  the  Radical  Cure  of  Cancer  of  the  Breast:"  William  S. 
Halsted,  Baltimore,  1890;  Willy  Meyer,  New  York,  1894. 

"For  the  Creation  of  a  Vesicovaginal  Fistula  to  Cure  Chronic 
Cystitis:"  J.  Marion  Sims,  Ala.,  1813-1883;  Nathan  Bozeman, 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  1825-1905. 

"For  Vaginal  Hysterectomy:"  Dubourg,  Louisiana,  1830  (?); 
Levi  Cooper  Lane,  California,  1833-1902;  T.  Gaillard  Thomas, 
New  York. 

"For  Reduction  of  Inverted  Uterus  by  Taxis:"  Dr.  James  P. 
White,  Buffalo,  1811-1881;  Dr.  E.  Noeggarath,  New  York. 

"For  Skin  Grafts  for  Ulcer:"  Dr.  E.  P.  Hamilton,  Buffalo, 
New  York;  Dr.  John  A.  Weyth,  New  York. 

"For  Non-contagiousness  of  Yellow  Fever:"  Dr.  Horatio  G. 
Jameson,  Boston,  1 778-1855;  Dr.  Deveze,  Philadelphia;  Dr.  Wm. 
Reed,  United  States  Army  Corps.     Dr.  Reed  demonstrated  it. 

"For  the  Transmission  of  Cancer:"  Joseph  Leidy,  Phila- 
delphia; Dr.  Gaylord,  New  York. 

"For  Operations  on  Animals:"  L.  E.  Cooper,  California; 
W.  S.  Halsted,  Maryland. 

The  number  of  the  most  prominent  original  contributors  still 
living  is  approximately  27:  District  of  Columbia,  4;  Illinois,  2; 
Louisiana,  6;  Maryland,  2;  Massachusetts,  2;  Minnesota,  2; 
New  York,  9;  Ohio,  2. 

The  original  contributions  that  are  "turning  points'1  in  their 
line  of  lesser  or  greater  magnitude  are  as  follows: 

Alabama.  Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims:  "Invention  of  the  duck-bill 
speculum;  left  lateral  position;  cure  of  vesicovaginal  fistula; 
founder  of  gynecology;  notes  on  uterine  surgery;  first  gynecolo- 
gical specialist;  vaginal  cystotomy  for  chronic  cystitis;  amputat- 
ing the  cervix  and  covering  the  stump  with  mucous  membrane; 
introduction  of  silver  wire  in  surgery;  instruments  for  the 
operation  of  vesicovaginal  fistula;  founder  of  Woman's  Hospital. 


g 8  EDMOXD    SOUCHOX 

Arkansas.  Dr.  Thibault:  Anesthetic  property  of  quinin  and 
urea  hydrochloric!. 

California.  Dr.  Samuel  Elias  Cooper:  Course  in  operative 
surgery  fn  animals;  operation  for  club-foot  by  cutting  down  all 
contracted  parts.  Dr.  Levi  Cooper  Lane;  simultaneous  ligation 
of  the  two  common  carotids  in  the  same  patient. 

Colorado.  Dr.  Clayton  Parkhill:  use  of  plates  in  the  treat- 
ment of  fractures. 

Connecticut.  Dr.  Mason  Smith  Cogswell:  ligated  common 
carotid  in  its  continuity.  Dr.  Xathan  Smith:  first  dropped 
the  pedicle  after  operating  for  ovarian  cyst;  use  of  bichloride  of 
mercury.  Dr.  Jonathan  Wright;  cure  of  aneurysm  by  digital 
compression.  Dr.  Xathan  Ryno  Smith:  reduction  of  hip-joint 
dislocation  by  manipulation ;  Smith's  anterior  splint  for  fractures; 
trephined  bones  for  osteomyelitis;  suspension  in  the  treatment 
of  fractures. 

District  of  Columbia.  United  States  Public  Health  Service: 
Dr.  Henry  R.  Carter:  Incubation  of  yellow  fever  in  the  mosquito. 
Dr.  Rupert  Blue:  rat-proofing  a  whole  large  city.  Dr.  Charles 
W.  Stiles:  work  on  the  hookworm.  Anaphylaxis:  standardiza- 
tion of  diphtheria;  cause  and  treatment  of  pellagra;  discoveries 
on  measles,  typhus  fever;  establishment  of  the  Hygienic  Labora- 
torv.  United  States  Army  Medical  Corps:  Dr.  John  Jones: 
first  book  on  surgery  and  military  medicine;  Dr.  William 
Beaumont;  investigation  on  gastric  digestion.  Dr.  James 
Mann:  amputation  at  the  elbow-joint.  Dr.  John  Shaw  Billings: 
Index  Catalogue:  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital.  LTnited  States  Census. 
Drs.  Woodward.  Smart,  Otis,  Huntington:  Medical  and  Surgical 
History  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  Dr.  Alfred  A.  Woodhull: 
large  doses  of  ipecac  in  dysentery.  Dr.  George  M.  Sternberg: 
isolation  of  the  bacillus  of  croupous  pneumonia;  Manual  and 
Text-book  of  Bacteriology  by  an  American  Writer.  Walter  Reed: 
transmission  of  yellow  fever  by  the  mosquito  only  to  a  human 
subject.  Drs.  Reed,  Vaughn  and  Shakespeare:  transmission 
of  typhoid  fever  by  flies.  Dr.  William  C.  Gorgas:  eradication 
of  yellow  fever  and  malarial  fever  in  Havana  and  the  Canal 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES       99 

Zone.  Dr.  Edward  B.  Vedder:  beriberi  is  caused  by  a  deficiency 
in  diet;  emetin  is  a  specific  remedy  in  dysentery.  Army  Medical 
Museum  and  Library  are  turning-points. 

Georgia.  Dr.  Ely  Fraser  Campbell:  knee-breast  position  for 
vaginal  examinations.    Dr.  Robert  Battey:  oophorectomy. 

Illinois.  Dr.  Daniel  Brainard:  drilled  bones  to  wire  fractures. 
Dr.  Nathan  Smith  Davis:  founded  the  American  Medical 
Association.  Dr.  Edmund  Andrews:  addition  of  oxygen  to 
nitrous  gas.  Dr.  Fenger:  great  educator;  introduced  the  study 
of  pathology  in  the  West.  Dr.  Nicholas  Senn:  great  educator 
of  the  West;  treatment  of  fractures  by  ferrule;  rectal  insufflation 
of  hydrogen  gas;  surgery  of  the  pancreas;  study  on  tumors. 
Dr.  Weller  Van  Hook:  Cure  of  perforation  in  typhoid  fever. 
Dr.  Belneld:  suprapubic  cystotomy  for  hypertrophied  prostate. 
Dr.  John  B.  Murphy:  metallic  button;  end-to-end  suture  of 
arteries;  proctoclysis  in  peritonitis;  arthroplasty  of  joints  with 
interposition  of  fat  and  fascia.  Dr.  L.  L.  McArthur:  muscle 
splitting  operation  of  the  abdominal  wall.  Dr.  Alexander  H. 
Ferguson:  closing  of  vesicovaginal  fistula  by  a  new  method. 
Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association  is  a  turning-point. 
American  College  of  Surgeons  also. 

Indiana.  Dr.  Bobbs:  cholecystotomy.  Dr.  John  Bell: 
gastrotomy  for  the  removal  of  foreign  bodies. 

Kentucky.  Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell:  ovariotomy.  Dr.  Walter 
Brashear:  disarticulation  at  the  hip-joint.  Dr.  Benjamin  W. 
Dudley:  trephining  for  epilepsy.  Dr.  Henry  Miiller:  application 
of  fluid  caustics  to  the  body  of  the  uterus  with  a  mop. 

Louisiana.  Dr.  Prevost:  Cesarean  section  in  America.  Dr. 
Dubourg:  vaginal  hysterectomy.  Dr.  Charles  Luzenberg: 
removal  of  gangrenous  bowel  in  hernia  and  suturing  ends  success- 
fully. Dr.  John  Riddell:  binocular  microscope.  Dr.  Warren 
Stone;  resection  of  portion  of  ribs  for  empyema;  treatment  of 
aneurysm  by  digital  compression  on  the  artery.  Dr.  Charles 
J.  Faget:  lack  of  correlation  between  the  pulse  and  the  temper- 
ature in  yellow  fever.  Dr.  H.  D.  Schmidt:  origin  of  the  bile 
ducts.     Dr.  T.  G.  Richardson:  anatomy  with  English  names. 


IOO  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

Dr.  Joseph  Jones:  plasmodium  of  malaria.  Dr.  J.  W.  Schmidt: 
division  of  masseter  for  ankylosis  of  the  jaw.  Dr.  Andrew  W. 
Smyth :  ligation  of  the  innominate  common  carotid  and  vertebral 
for  subclavian  aneurysm.  Dr.  Joseph  Holt:  sulphurous  acid 
fumigation  of  holds  of  vessels.  Dr.  Edmond  Souchon:  pre- 
servation of  anatomical  dissections  with  permanent  color  of 
muscles,  vessels,  and  organs;  first  and  only  dissection  of  a  sub- 
clavian aneurysm  of  the  third  portion;  ligation  of  the  third 
portion  of  the  axillary  artery  for  recurrent  aneurysm  of  the 
subclavian.  Dr.  Rudolph  Matas:  intrasaccular  suture  for 
aneurysm;  testing  of  collateral  circulation.  Dr.  Charles  W. 
Duval:  leprosy  bacillus  in  pure  culture.  Dr.  William  H. 
Harris:  production  of  pellagra  in  the  monkey  by  inoculation. 
Dr.  Maurice  Couret:  the  fish  is  the  host  of  the  bacillus  of 
leprosy.  Dr.  C.  C.  Bass  and  F.  M.  Johns:  cultivation  of  the 
Plasmodium  of  malarial  fever.  Dr.  Ansel  M.  Caine:  warm  ether 
apparatus  without  a  flame.     State  of  Louisiana:  leprosarium. 

Maryland.  Dr.  Horatio  G.  Jameson:  animal  ligatures; 
removal  of  upper  jaw.  Dr.  Gibson:  ligation  of  common  iliac. 
Dr.  Edward  Warren :  resection  of  the  head  of  the  humerus.  Dr. 
William  H.  Welch:  discovered  staphylococcus  epidermidis  albus; 
the  Bacillus  aerogenes  capsulatus;  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School.  Dr.  William  S.  Halsted:  intro- 
duced rubber  gloves;  research  on  the  thyroid  glands;  radical 
operation  for  the  cure  of  cancer  of  the  breast;  cure  of  inguinal 
hernia;  ligation  of  the  first  portion  of  the  subclavian  artery; 
use  of  metallic  bands  to  occlude  arteries.  The  Johns  Hopkins 
School  of  Medicine  is  a  turning-point. 

Massachusetts.  Dr.  John  Warren:  amputation  at  the 
shoulder- joint:  excision  of  the  parotid;  operation  for  strangulated 
hernia.  Dj.  Jacob  Bigelow:  self-limitation  of  diseases.  Dr. 
John  Collins  Warren:  removal  of  pharyngeal  polypi;  staphy- 
lorrhaphy; paracentesis;  first  operation  under  ether  anesthesia; 
external  urethrotomy;  excision  of  elbow-joint;  foundation  of 
the  Warren  Museum.  Dr.  John  Ware:  characterization  of  croup 
by  a  fibrous  membrane.     Dr.  John  D.  Fischer:  invented  the 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES     IOI 

cystoscope;  introduced  the  education  of  the  blind  in  this  country. 
Dr.  Morrill  Wyman:  tapped  the  chest  with  a  rubber  tube  and 
cannula  with  a  suction  pump  attached.  Dr.  Henry  P.  Bowditch: 
thoracentesis.  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes:  cause  of  puerperal 
fever.  Dr.  Thomas  G.  Morton:  first  case  of  etherization  for  a 
surgical  operation  done  in  public,  in  a  public  hospital  and  pub- 
lished broadcast.  Dr.  N.  C.  Keep:  use  of  chloroform  in  child- 
bed in  this  country.  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow:  importance  of  the 
Y-ligament  in  the  reduction  of  dislocations  of  the  hip-joint. 
Dr.  H.  D.  Storer:  first  removed  the  uterus  for  fibroids.  Dr.  J.  P. 
Maynard:  introduction  of  collodion  as  a  surgical  dressing.  Dr. 
Henry  0.  Marcy:  introduced  Listerism  in  America.  Dr.  Theo- 
bald Smith:  first  experiments  in  immunization;  parasite  of  tick 
fever;  anaphylaxis;  differentiation  between  bovine  and  human 
types  of  tubercle  bacilli.  Dr.  W.  F.  Councilman:  work  on 
malaria.  Dr.  W.  B.  Cannon:  method  of  observing  the  move- 
ments of  the  stomach  and  intestines  by  means  of  £-rays. 

Michigan.     Dr.  F.  G.  Novy:  cultivated  the  trypanosomes. 

Minnesota.  Dr.  William  J.  Mayo:  section  of  the  vas  deferens 
and  end-to-end  suture;  vertical  overlapping  operation  for  the 
radical  cure  of  umbilical  hernia,  cholecystotomy  from  below; 
radical  operation  for  the  relief  of  cancer  of  the  rectum  and  recto- 
sigmoid; fatty  fascial  flap  in  plastic  and  other  operations  on  the 
kidney;  transgastric  excision  of  calloused  ulcer  of  the  posterior 
wall  of  the  body  of  the  stomach;  incision  for  lumbar  exposure 
of  the  kidney. 

New  Hampshire.  Dr.  Amos  Twitchell:  ligation  of  the  com- 
mon carotid  in  continuity;  removal  of  clavicle  and  arm.  Dixi 
Crosby:  reducing  dislocations  of  the  thumb  and  fingers  by 
forced  extension  and  pressure  upon  the  base  of  the  dislocated 
bone. 

New  York.  Dr.  Wright  Post:  ligation  of  femoral  for  popliteal 
aneurysm  according  to  the  Hunterian  method;  ligation  of 
common  carotid  in  continuity;  ligation  of  subclavian  outside 
the  scalenes.  Dr.  John  S.  Dorsey:  ligation  of  the  external  iliac. 
Dr.  Valentine  Mott:  ligation  of  the  innominate;  ligation  of  the 


102  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

common  iliac;  ligation  of  external  iliac;  ligation  of  the  sub- 
clavian between  the  scalenes;  ligation  of  both  carotids  simul- 
taneously; ligation  of  the  right  internal  iliac;  resection  of  one- 
half  of  lower  jaw.  Dr.  J.  Kearney  Rodgers:  wired  a  fractured 
humerus;  ligation  of  the  subclavian  inside  the  scalenes  (left); 
also  outside  the  scalenes;  also  between  the  scalenes  (left).  Dr. 
Willard  Parker :  ligation  of  subclavian  in  its  third  portion ;  appen- 
dectomy; drainage  of  bladder  through  perineum  in  cases  of 
hypertrophied  growth;  ligation  of  the  subclavian  (left)  inside  the 
scalenes,  with  the  common  carotid  and  the  vertebral  for  sub- 
clavian aneurysm  (1864);  opened  and  drained  the  bladder  in 
cystitis.  Dr.  Horace  Green:  treatment  of  laryngeal  troubles 
with  the  mop;  a  foreign  body  can  be  introduced  into  the  larynx 
without  producing  suffocation.  Dr.  Erastus  B.  Wolcott; 
excision  of  the  kidney.  Dr.  Alonzo  Clark:  introduced  opium 
treatment  in  peritonitis.  Dr.  Gurdon  Buck's  extension  appa- 
ratus for  fractures;  use  of  strips  of  adhesive  plaster  to  make 
extension  in  fractures  with  pulley  and  weights.  Dr.  Charles 
Harris:  removal  of  the  thyroid  gland.  Dr.  Gunning  S.  Bedford, 
first  clinic  for  women.  Dr.  William  Detmold:  perforated  end 
of  bone  in  ununited  fractures;  trephined  for  pus  in  the  lateral 
ventricles.  Dr.  Dorsey  in  181 1  ligated  the  external  iliac.  Dr. 
Stearnes:  ligation  of  internal  iliac  for  aneurysm.  Dr.  James 
R.  Wood:  subperiosteal  resection  of  lower  jaw  with  reproduction 
of  the  bone;  division  of  masseter.  Dr.  F.  H.  Hamilton:  pub- 
lished a  complete  treatise  on  fractures  and  dislocations;  skin 
grafting  to  cure  ulcers.  Dr.  Edward  R.  Peaslee:  drainage  of 
peritoneal  cavity  for  ankylosis;  resection  of  Meckel's  ganglion. 
Dr.  William  H.  Van  Buren:  resection  of  a  portion  of  each  vas 
deferens  as  a  substitute  for  castration.  Dr  Lewis  A.  Sayre: 
resection  of  the  head  of  the  femur;  plaster  jacket.  Dr.  Julius  F. 
Miner:  striped  off  from  an  ovarian  cyst  the  extension  of  the 
pedicle  instead  of  ligating  it.  Dr.  Daniel  L.  Rogers:  resection 
of  the  two  upper  jaws.  Dr.  Jameson:  incision  of  the  cervix 
uteri.  Dr.  John  Rhea  Barton:  wired  a  fractured  patella.  Dr.  S. 
Porr.erov  White:  ligation  of  internal  iliac  for  gluteal  aneurvsm. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES    103 

Dr.  David  L.  Rogers:  resection  of  the  upper  jaw.  Dr.  T. 
Gaillard  Thomas:  vaginal  hysterectomy;  use  of  gravitation  in 
cases  of  prolapse  of  the  funis;  vaginal  ovariotomy;  first  book 
on  diseases  of  women.  Dr.  Wilson:  laparotomy  for  intussus- 
ception. Dr.  Jorris  H.  Henry:  organized  the  ambulance  service 
in  New  York.  Dr.  Louis  Elsberg :  first  demonstration  of  the  use  of 
the  laryngoscope.  Dr.  F.  F.  Maury:  amputation  at  the  shoulder- 
joint.  Dr.  Joseph  0  'Dwyer :  intubation  in  place  of  tracheotomy; 
apparatus  for  inflating  the  lungs;  a  tube  could  be  retained 
continuously  in  the  larynx  without  removal  for  months.  Dr. 
Charles  McBurney:  McBurney's  point  in  appendicitis;  hooks 
for  the  reduction  of  dislocated  fractured  heads  of  the  humerus. 
Dr.  Watson:  ligation  of  the  internal  iliac  for  gluteal  aneurysm. 
Dr.  Van  Buren:  resection  of  vas  deferens  on  both  sides.  Dr. 
George  R.  Fowler:  decortication  of  lungs  in  case  of  chronic 
empyema.  Dr.  George  M.  Edebohls:  suspension  of  the 
kidneys;  decapsulization  of  kidney.  Dr.  W.  W.  Reid:  first 
reduction  of  dislocation  of  hip  by  manipulation.  Dr.  Frank 
Hartley:  intracranial  neurectomy  for  the  second  and  third 
divisions  of  the  fifth  nerve  for  neuralgia.  Dr.  Van  Ingen: 
elevation  of  the  foot  of  the  bed  for  counter-extension  in  frac- 
tures. Dr.  George  M.  Beard:  introduction  of  the  concept 
of  neurasthenia.  Dr.  Newman:  shortening  of  round  ligaments. 
Dr.  Outerbridge:  speculum  for  dilatation  of  the  cervix  uteri. 
Dr.  Gunning:  interdental  splint.  Dr.  Sabine:  built  a  nose 
from  a  phalanx.  Dr.  John  Baird:  laparotomy  for  extra-uterine 
pregnancy.  Dr.  J.  P.  Bachelder:  compressed  sponges.  Dr.  Sass: 
treatment  of  laryngeal  troubles  by  the  spray  method.  Dr.  John 
Ball:  rapid  and  forcible  dilatation  of  the  cervix  uteri  with 
instruments.  Dr.  Ernest  Krackowiser:  demonstration  of  the 
vocal  cords.  Dr.  Gouley:  filiform  whalebone  guide,  tunnelled 
catheter  staff,  beaked  bistoury.  Dr.  Thomas  Addis  Emmett: 
perineal  and  cervix  operations.  Dr.  Clinton  Wagner:  thyrotomy. 
Dr.  Rufus  P.  Lincoln:  removal  of  intrapharyngeal  fibromata 
through  the  internal  passages  instead  of  after  extensive  pre- 
liminary operation.    Dr.  F.  H.  Bosworth:  pioneer  work  in  rhin- 


104  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

ology.  Dr.  John  R.  French:  photographing  human  larynx. 
Dr.  Austin  Flint:  variations  of  pitch  elicited  by  percussion; 
demonstrated  the  heat  production  to  oxidation  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen.  Dr.  Robert  F.  Weir:  fracture  of  malar  bone.  Dr. 
Robert  T.  Morris:  wick  drain.  Dr.  John  A.  Wyeth:  ligation 
of  the  external  carotid  artery  for  lesions  of  its  branches  instead 
of  ligating  the  common  carotid;  bloodless  operation  of  the  hip- 
joint  and  shoulder;  arterial  occlusion  by  cell  proliferation  after 
ligation  in  continuity;  founding  of  the  first  Polyclinic  School 
for  Post-Graduates  in  America.  Dr.  Lewis  A.  Stimson:  ligation 
of  the  uterine  and  ovarian  arteries  preliminary  to  hysterectomy 
for  fibroids  and  other  affections  of  the  uterus.  Dr.  Robert 
Abbe:  treatment  of  strictures  of  the  esophagus  by  the  string 
method;  operation  for  trigger  finger.  Dr.  Leonard  Corning: 
local  anesthesia  with  cocaine;  spinal  analgesia  applied  to  animals. 
Dr.  J.  Riddle  Goffe:  covering  the  stump  with  peritoneal  flaps 
after  supra-vaginal  hysterectomy.  Dr.  Emil  Noeggerath: 
reduction  of  the  inverted  uterus  by  digital  compression  of  the 
horns;  female  pelvic  inflammations  are  due  to  infection  by 
gonococci  transmitted  by  the  male.  Dr.  Willy  Meyer:  radical 
operation  for  cancer  of  the  breast.  Dr.  Simon  Flexner:  injection 
of  the  antimeningococci  into  the  subdural  space ;  discovered  with 
Dr.  Noguchi  the  germ  of  anterior  poliomyelitis.  Dr.  Jacques 
Loeb :  produced  fecundation  of  the  ova  of  some  fish  without  the 
intervention  of  spermatozoa.  Dr.  Peyton  Rous:  transmission 
of  a  malignant  growth.  Dr.  Meltzer:  intratracheal  insufflation. 
Dr.  Alexis  Carrel:  preservation  of  life  in  tissues  and  organs 
outside  of  the  body;  transplantation  of  tissues  and  organs  from 
one  subject  to  another;  thyroid  gland  and  vascular  surgery. 
The  Rockefeller  Institute  is  a  decided  turning-point.  Drs.  H.  R. 
Gaylord  and  G.  H.  A.  Claws  inoculated  rats  and  mice  with 
cancer.  Dr.  E.  L.  Trudeau:  open-air  treatment  of  tuberculosis. 
The  Carnegie  foundation  for  the  advancement  of  teaching  is  a 
decided  turning-point. 

Ohio.     Dr.  Marmaduke  B.  Wright:  bimanual  version.     Dr. 
George  W.  Crile:  anoci-association;  the  emotions;  block  excision 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES    105 

of  lymphatic   gland-bearing  tissues  of  the  neck;  retrolaryngeal 
packing  prior  to  removal  of  larynx. 

Pennsylvania.  Dr.  John  Morgan  and  Dr.  William  Shippen, 
Jr. :  foundation  of  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania;  Wis  tar  Institute  of  Anatomy  and  Biology.  Dr. 
Thomas  C.  James:  induction  of  premature  labor  for  contracted 
pelvis.  Dr.  Philip  Syng  Physick:  animal  ligatures;  tonsillotome; 
puncture  of  head  for  hydrocephalus;  use  of  stomach  pump; 
seton  between  the  ends  of  ununited  fractures;  internal  urethro- 
tomy; cure  of  artificial  anus.  Dr.  N.  Chapman:  first  book  on 
Therapeutics  and  Internal  Medicine.  Dr.  William  Gibson:  stra- 
bismus. Dr.  Horatio  Gates  Jameson:  resection  of  superior 
maxilla.  Dr.  A.  H.  Stevens:  abnormalities  of  equilibrium  of  the 
ocu]ar  muscular  apparatus.  Dr.  Charles  D.  Meigs:  embolism 
in  childbed.  Dr.  Charles  McClelland:  resection  of  lower  jaw  in 
front  of  the  two  angles.  Dr.  Wm.  E.  Horner:  removal  of  upper 
maxilla  without  incision  in  the  cheek.  Dr.  Samuel  D.  Gross: 
taking  the  submucosa  in  the  intestinal  suture;  removal  of  axillary 
glands  in  cancer  of  the  breast;  founder  of  American  Surgical 
Association;  first  book  on  Pathology  in  the  English  language; 
amputation  of  ankle-joint;  operation  for  artificial  anus.  Dr. 
Joseph  Pan  coast  and  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross:  limbs  rendered  bloodless 
before  subjecting  them  to  operation.  Dr.  Joseph  Pancoast: 
plastic  for  atrophy  of  bladder.  Dr.  John  Rhea  Barton:  Barton's 
fracture  of  the  radius.  Dr.  William  W.  Gerhard  and  Dr. 
M.  Rufz:  connection  of  hydrocephalus  with  tubercles  of  the 
pia  mater;  differentiation  between  typhus  and  typhoid  fever. 
Dr.  Thomas  G.  Morton:  ligation  of  subclavian  between  the  two 
scalenes.  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy:  bacterial  flora  of  the  intestines; 
first  transplantation  of  malignant  tumors.  Dr.  Harris:  fixation 
and  extension  in  management  of  inflamed  joints.  Dr.  Deveze: 
non-contagiousness  of  yellow  fever.  Dr.  Samuel  W.  Gross: 
tenotomy  of  the  stern orr.astoid  for  torticollis.  Dr.  S.  Weir 
Mitchell:  serpent  venoms;  eye-strain  as  cause  of  headaches; 
antagonism  of  morphin  and  atrophin;  nitrite  of  amyl  to  abort 
epileptic  attacks;  rest  cure.      Dr.  Jacob  M.  DaCosta:   irritable 


106  EDMOND    SOUCHON 

heart;  forced  respiration.  Dr.  D.  Dyer:  gymnastic  treatment 
of  asthenopia.  Dr.  Frank  J.  Maury:  gastrotomy  for  the  relief 
of  suffering  caused  by  organic  stricture  of  the  esophagus.  Dr. 
Pennock:  rubber  tube  to  stethoscope.  Dr.  Walter:  resection  of 
portions  for  drainage  in  empyema.  Dr.  Hunt:  sand-bags  in 
the  treatment  of  fractures.  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Hodge :  premature  labor 
for  ossification  of  the  bones  of  the  head;  forceps;  pessary.  Dr. 
Theophilus  Parvin :  closing  of  ureterovaginal  fistula  by  first  turn- 
ing the  displaced  distal  extremity  of  the  ureter  into  the  bladder 
and  then  closing  the  vaginal  opening.  Dr.  J.  Ewing  Mears: 
laparotomy  to  wash  out  the  abdomen  in  cases  of  peritonitis. 
Dr.  Thomas  G.  Morton:  metatarsalgia.  Dr.  Marks:  suture 
of  heart  wound.  Dr.  Thomas  Harris:  amputation  of  the 
tongue.  Dr.  Albert  W.  Waters:  laparotomy  for  rupture 
of  bladder.  Dr.  Joseph  K.  Swift:  extension  apparatus  for 
fractures.  Dr.  Benjamin  Bauer:  ligation  en  masse  of  the 
uterine  and  ovarian  arteries  preliminary  to  operation  for 
hysterectomy.  Drs.  R.  L.  Dickinson  and  J.  Lecomte:  special 
direct  suture  of  the  sphincter  muscle  in  perineal  operations. 
Dr.  Jarvis:  hypertrophy  of  the  turbinated  bones.  Dr.  George 
M.  Gould:  eye-strain  cause  of  migraine  and  systemic  dis- 
turbances; cemented  bifocal  spectacle  lenses;  test  cards;  graded 
prisms.  Dr.  J.  William  White:  use  of  living  bones.  Dr.  Joseph 
Richardson:  human  erythrocytes  can  be  distinguished  with 
certainty  from  those  of  the  lower  animals.  Dr.  Gwilym  G. 
Davis:  study  museum  of  Anatomy.  Philadelphia  is  the  cradle 
of  American  dentistry. 

South  Carolina.  Dr.  Joseph  Glover:  removal  of  the  spleen; 
hysterectomy  (abdominal).  Dr.  Benjamin  B.  Simmons:  abscess 
of  the  brain.  Dr.  R.  A.  Kinlock:  laparotomy  and  intestinal 
suture. 

Tennessee.  Dr.  William  H.  Deadrick:  removal  of  lower  jaw. 
Dr.  P.  F.  Eve:  removal  of  large  polypi  from  the  base  of  the 
cranium  through  the  hard  and  soft  palates. 

Vermont.  Dr.  A.  D.  Bush:  the  use  of  tobacco  produces  a  10 
per  cent,  mental  deficiency. 


ORIGINAL  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  AMERICA  TO  MEDICAL  SCIENCES    1 07 

Virginia.  Dr.  Hunter  McGuire:  ligation  of  the  aorta  for 
aneurysm  of  the  iliacs. 

Wisconsin.     Dr.  Erastus  B.  Wolcott:  first  nephrotomy. 

The  total  number  of  turning-points  is  323:  Alabama,  9; 
Arkansas,  1;  California,  3;  Colorado,  1;  Connecticut,  8;  District 
of  Columbia,  1;  United  States  Public  Health  Service,  10;  United 
States  Army  Corps,  15;  Georgia,  2;  Illinois,  18;  Indiana,  2; 
Kentucky,  4;  Louisiana,  21;  Maryland,  15;  Massachusetts,  28; 
Michigan,  1;  Minnesota,  6;  New  Hampshire,  2;  New  York,  no; 
Ohio,  4;  Pennsylvania,  58;  South  Carolina,  3;  Tennessee,  2;  Ver- 
mont, 1 ;  Wisconsin,  1 ;  in  a  total  of  23  States. 

Bibliography 

Gross,  S.  D.,  and  Bigelow,  H.  J.:     Century  of  American  Medicine,  1876. 

Kelly,  H.  O.:     Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography,  19 12. 

Garrison,  F.  H.:     History  of  Medicine,  1914. 

Keen's  Surgery,  1908. 

Bryant  and  Burt's  Surgery,  191 1. 

Dennis,  F.:     New  York  Med.  Record,  1892. 

Pilcher,  James:     Jour.  Am.  Med.  Assn.    1876  (Supplement). 


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